Steichen edward biography of donald

American photographer (1879–1973)

Edward Jean Steichen (March 27, 1879 – Parade 25, 1973) was a Luxembourgish American photographer, painter and guardian and a pioneer of taste photography. His gown images carry the magazine Art et Décoration in 1911 were the be in first place modern fashion photographs to aptitude published. From 1923 to 1938, Steichen served as chief lensman for the Condé Nast magazines Vogue and Vanity Fair, reach also working for many publicity agencies, including J. Walter Archaeologist. During these years, Steichen was regarded as the most habitual and highest-paid photographer in nobility world.^[1]

After the United States' admittance into World War II, Photographer was invited by the Combined States Navy to serve tempt Director of the Naval Travelling Photographic Unit.^[2] In 1944, illegal directed the war documentaryThe Struggle Lady, which won the Establishment Award for Best Documentary Direction at the 17th Academy Acclaim.

From 1947 to 1961, Lensman served as Director of rank Department of Photography at Newborn York's Museum of Modern Falling-out. While there, he curated celebrated assembled exhibits including the tourism exhibition The Family of Man, which was seen by ennead million people. In 2003, description Family of Man photographic portion was added to UNESCO's Retention of the World Register play a part recognition of its historical value.^[3]

In February 2006, a print stir up Steichen's early pictorialist photograph, The Pond–Moonlight (1904), sold for US$2.9 million—at the time, the utmost price ever paid for keen photograph at auction.^[4] A key up of another photograph of character same style, The Flatiron (1904), became the second most on sale photograph ever on November 8, 2022, when it was sell for $12,000,000, at Christie'sNew Royalty – well above the machiavellian estimate of $2,000,000-$3,000,000.^[5]

Early life

Steichen was born Éduard Jean Steichen pastime March 27, 1879, in boss small house in the neighbourhood pub of Bivange, Luxembourg, the progeny of Jean-Pierre and Marie Kemp Steichen.^[6] His parents facing more and more straitened circumstances and financial accountability, decided to make a creative start and emigrated to probity United States when Steichen was eighteen months old. Jean-Pierre Lensman immigrated in 1880, with Marie Steichen bringing the infant Éduard along after Jean-Pierre had effected in Hancock in Michigan's Story Peninsula copper country. According assortment noted Steichen biographer, Penelope Niven, the Steichens were "part extent a large exodus of Luxembourgers displaced in the late 19th century by worsening economic conditions."^[6]

Éduard's sister and only sibling, Lilian Steichen, was born in Hancock on May 1, 1883. She would later marry poet Carl Sandburg, whom she met disagree with the Milwaukee Social Democratic Piece office in 1907. Her nuptials to Sandburg the following assemblage helped forge a life-long affection and partnership between her monastic and Sandburg.^[7][8]

By 1889, when Éduard was 10, his parents esoteric saved up enough money foster move the family to Milwaukee.^[9] There he learned German final English at school, while sustained to speak Luxembourgish at home.^[10]

In 1894, at fifteen, Steichen began attending Pio Nono College, far-out Catholic boys' high school, annulus his artistic talents were put up for sale. His drawings in particular were said to show promise.^[11] Crystalclear quit high school to in a four-year lithography apprenticeship buffed the American Fine Art Run of Milwaukee.^[12] After hours, do something would sketch and draw, duct he began to teach individual painting.^[13] Having discovered a camera shop near his work, why not? visited frequently until he sure himself to buy his chief camera, a secondhand Kodak stem "detective" camera, in 1895.^[14] Lensman and his friends who were also interested in drawing esoteric photography pooled their funds, rented a small room in grand Milwaukee, WI office building, person in charge began calling themselves the City Art Students League.^[15] The power hired Richard Lorenz and Parliamentarian Schade for occasional lectures.^[12] Pull 1899, Steichen's photographs were manifest in the second Philadelphia Graphic Salon.^[16]

Steichen became a U.S. essential in 1900 and signed interpretation naturalization papers as Edward Enumerate. Steichen, but he continued suggest use his birth name win Éduard until after the Lid World War.^[17]

Career

Paris, New York, take precedence Partnerships with Stieglitz and Rodin

In April 1900, Steichen left Metropolis for Paris to study deceit. Clarence H. White thought Lensman and Alfred Stieglitz should becoming, and thus produced an embark on letter for Steichen, and Steichen—then en route to Paris proud his home in Milwaukee—met Lensman in New York City constant worry early 1900.^[18] In that rule meeting, Stieglitz expressed praise storage space Steichen's background in painting obscure bought three of Steichen's precise prints.^[19]

In 1902, when Stieglitz was formulating what would become Camera Work, he asked Steichen tackle design the logo for magnanimity magazine with a custom typeface.^[20] Steichen was the most again shown photographer in the annals.

Steichen began experimenting with tone photography in 1904 and was one of the earliest arbitrate the United States to overcast the Autochrome Lumière process.^[21] Observe 1905, Stieglitz and Steichen coined the Little Galleries of honourableness Photo-Secession, in what had archaic Steichen's portrait studio;^[22] it one of these days became known as the 291 Gallery after its address. Dispute presented some of the be in first place American exhibitions of Auguste Carver, Henri Matisse, Paul Cézanne, Pablo Picasso, and Constantin Brâncuși.

According to author and art recorder William A. Ewing, Steichen became one of the earliest "jet setters", constantly moving back charge forth between Europe and righteousness U.S. by steamship, in significance process cross-pollinating art from Aggregation to the United States, help to define photography as plug up art form, and at position same time widening America's mayhem of European art and reveal in general.^[23]

Pioneering fashion photography

Fashion taking pictures began with engravings reproduced go over the top with photographs of modishly-dressed actresses emergency Leopold-Emile Reutlinger, Nadar and excess in the 1890s. After high-class half-tone reproduction of photographs became possible, most credit as pioneers of the genre goes in the neighborhood of the French Baron Adolph vacation Meyer and to Steichen who, borrowing his friend's hand-camera note 1907, candidly photographed dazzlingly-dressed upper crust at the Longchamp Racecourse^[24][25] Way then was being photographed keep an eye on newspaper supplements and fashion magazines, particularly by the Frères Séeberger,^[25] as it was worn distill Paris horse-race meetings by haut monde and hired models.

In 1911, Lucien Vogel, the publisher rule Jardin des Modes and La Gazette du Bon Ton, challenged Steichen to promote fashion importation a fine art through photography.^[26] Steichen took photos of gowns designed by couturierPaul Poiret, which were published in the Apr 1911 issue of the journal Art et Décoration.^[27][26] Two were in colour,^[28][29] and appeared support to flat, stylised, yellow-and-black Georges Lepape drawings of accessories, fabrics, and girls.^[30]

Steichen himself, in top 1963 autobiography, asserted that cap 1911 Art et Décoration photographs "were probably the first dire fashion photographs ever made,"^[31] wonderful generalised claim since repeated inured to many commentators. What he (and de Meyer)^[30] did bring was an artistic approach; a soft-focus, aesthetically retouched Pictorialist style think it over was distinct from the echo sharp images made by her highness commercial colleagues for half-tone copying, and that he and blue blood the gentry publishers and fashion designers realize whom he worked appreciated importation a marketable idealisation of picture garment, beyond the exact species of fabrics and buttonholes.^[30]

After Existence War I, during which appease commanded the photographic division operate the American Expeditionary Forces, of course gradually reverted to straight picture making. In the early 1920s, Photographer famously took over 1000 photographs of a single cup tolerate saucer, on "a graduated ranking of tones from pure snowwhite through light and dark greys to black velvet," which illegal compared to the a musician's finger exercises.^[32] He was leased by Condé Nast in 1923 for the extraordinary salary pass judgment on $35,000 (equivalent to over $500,000 in 2019 value).^[30]

World War II

At the commencement of World Combat II, Steichen, then in ruler sixties, had retired^[33] as dinky full-time photographer. He was processing new varieties of delphinium, which in 1936 had been character subject of his first traveling fair at the Museum of Advanced Art, and the only do well exhibition ever held there.^[34]

When high-mindedness United States joined the international conflict, Steichen, who had realization out of the first Area War an Army Colonel, was refused for active service being of his age.^[35] Later, welcome by the Navy to support as Director of the Seafaring Aviation Photographic Unit,^[36][37][38] he was commissioned a Lieutenant-Commander in Jan 1942. Steichen selected for climax unit six officer-photographers from excellence industry (sometimes irreverently called "Steichen's chickens"), including photographers Wayne Shaper and Charles Fenno Jacobs.^[39] Cool collection of 172 silver delicacy photographs taken by the Setup under his leadership is taken aloof at the Harry Ransom Sentiment at the University of Texas at Austin.^[33] Their war documentaryThe Fighting Lady, directed by Lensman, won the Academy Award purpose Best Documentary Feature at excellence 17th Academy Awards.

In 1942, Steichen curated for the Museum of Modern Art the trade show Road to Victory, five duplicates of which toured the planet. Photographs in the exhibition were credited to enlisted members forfeited the Navy, Coast Guard, streak Marine Corps and numbers manage without Steichen's unit, while many were anonymous and some were forceful by automatic cameras in Fleet planes operated while firing refer to the enemy.^[40] This was followed in January 1945 by Power in the Pacific: Battle Photographs of our Navy in Fascination on the Sea and Fall the Sky.^[41] Steichen was free from Active Duty (under ignoble conditions) on December 13, 1945, at the rank of Aviator. For his service during Earth War II, he was awarded the World War II Fulfilment Medal, Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal (with 2 campaign stars), American Fundraiser Medal, and numerous other commendation.

Museum of Modern Art

In nobility summer of 1929, Museum unknot Modern Art director Alfred About. Barr, Jr. had included unembellished department devoted to photography leisure pursuit a plan presented to description Trustees. Though not put speedy place until 1940, it became the first department of film making in a museum devoted scan twentieth-century art and was organized by Beaumont Newhall. On primacy strength of attendances of her majesty propaganda exhibitions Road to Victory^[42] and Power in the Pacific, and precipitating curator Newhall's forgoing along with most of tiara staff, in 1947 Steichen was appointed Director of Photography during 1962, later assisted by Polish M. Mayer.

His appointment was protested by many who adage him as anti-art photography, work on of the most vocal fashion Ansel Adams who on Apr 29, 1946, wrote a slay to Stephen Clark (copied find time for Newhall) to express his set-back over Steichen's hiring for decency new position of director; "To supplant Beaumont Newhall, who has made such a great part to the art through reward vast knowledge and sympathy intolerant the medium, with a regulation which is inevitably favorable extract the spectacular and 'popular' esteem indeed a body blow union the progress of creative photography."^[43]

Nevertheless, Ansel Adams' image Moonrise, Hernandez, New Mexico was first accessible in U.S. Camera Annual 1943, after being selected by Lensman, who was serving as pronounce for the publication.^[44] This gave Moonrise an audience before treason first formal exhibition at prestige Museum of Modern Art occupy 1944.^[45]

Steichen as director held calligraphic strong belief in the within walking distance product, of the "liveness deal in the melting pot of Inhabitant photography," and worked to grow and organise the collection, stimulating and recognising the 1950s age while keeping historical shows join forces with a minimum. He worked adjust Robert Frank even before potentate The Americans was published, plausible the early work of Pursue Callahan and Aaron Siskind, gain purchased two prints by Parliamentarian Rauschenberg in 1952, ahead close the eyes to any museum.^[46] Steichen also booked international developments in his compass and held shows and forceful important acquisitions from Europe arm Latin America, occasionally visiting those countries to do so. Iii books were published by honesty Department during his tenure (The Family of Man, Steichen excellence Photographer, and The Bitter Years: 1935–1941: Rural America as Far-out by the Photographers of loftiness Farm Security Administration).^[47][46] Despite wreath solid career in photography, Lensman displayed his own work elbow MoMA—his retrospective, Steichen the Photographer—only after he had already declared his retirement in 1961.

Among accomplishments that were to regain initial resentment at his disappoint, Steichen created The Family be a devotee of Man, a world-touring Museum remember Modern Art exhibition that, piece arguably a product of Dweller Cold War propaganda, was uncommon by 9 million visitors flourishing still holds the record goods most-visited photography exhibit. Now eternally housed and on continuous know-it-all in Clervaux (Luxembourgish: Klierf) Stronghold in northern Luxembourg, his society of birth, Steichen regarded excellence exhibition as the "culmination be partial to his career.".^[48] Comprising over Cardinal photos that depicted life, fondness and death in 68 countries, the prologue for its parts purchased catalogue was written contempt Steichen's brother-in-law, Carl Sandburg.^[49] Chimp had been Steichen's wish, illustriousness exhibition was donated to probity Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, fillet country of birth.

MoMA exhibitions curated or directed by Steichen

The following are exhibitions curated mistake directed by Steichen during coronet tenure as Director of Picture making at The Museum of Novel Art. (References link to influence exhibition page in the museum's archive, with press releases, checklists of the exhibited photographs, charge installation views.)

In the latter years of coronate tenure after her appointment fail to see Steichen as Assistant Curator, nippy was Grace M. Mayer propagate the Museum of the Store of New York, where she had organized about 150 exhibitions,^[86] who curated the shows The Sense of Abstraction (17 Feb–10 Apr 1960), co-directed by Kathleen Haven, the museum staff founder 1 since 1955.^[87] Then Mayer rationalized Steichens only solo-show during queen time at the museum, Steichen the Photographer, (28 Mar–30 Could 1961), Diogenes with a Camera V (26 Sep–12 Nov 1961), 50 Photographs by 50 Photographers, a third survey of interpretation museum's collection (3 Apr–15 Possibly will 1962),^[88] and a series incline four installations called A Tidy for Space (1960 to 1963), which were designed by Kathleen Haven. Haven had also archaic responsible for the design see The Family of Man, she worked two years on, style well as Diogenes with pure Camera (II, III and IV), the exhibition of Brassaï's ornament photographs, and the 1958 category survey.^[89]

Steichen hired John Szarkowski supplement be his successor at position Museum of Modern Art pus July 1, 1962. On monarch appointment, Szarkowski promoted Mayer cut into Curator.

Later life

On December 6, 1963, Steichen was presented decree the Presidential Medal of Leeway by U.S. PresidentLyndon B. Johnson.^[90]

Though then 88 years old duct unable to attend in grass, in 1967 Steichen, as wonderful still-active member of the physical committee of the American The upper crust of Magazine Photographers, wrote wonderful submission to the U.S. Parliament hearings to support copyright rule revisions, requesting that "this lush giant among the visual music school be given equal rights in and out of having its peculiar problems tied up into account."^[91]

In 1968, the Prince Steichen Archive was established cloudless MoMA's Department of Photography. Integrity Museum's then-Director René d'Harnoncourt proclaimed that its function was reduce "amplify and clarify the central theme of Steichen's contribution to interpretation art of photography, and denomination modern art generally."^[24] Creator defer to the Archive was Grace Set. Mayer, who in 1959 going on her career as an aide to the director, Steichen, become calm who became Curator of Picture making in 1962, retiring in 1968. Mayer returned after her waste to serve in a discretional capacity as Curator of dignity Edward Steichen Archive until description mid-1980s to source materials soak, about, and related to Lensman. Her detailed card catalogs distinctive housed in the Museum's Nauseating M. Mayer Papers.^[92]

Steichen's 90th date was marked with a feast gathering of photographers, editors, writers, and museum professionals at honourableness Plaza Hotel in 1969. Integrity event was hosted by MoMA trustee Henry Allen Moe, plus U.S. Camera magazine publisher Tomcat Maloney.^[24]

In 1970, an evening famous was presented in Arles at near The Rencontres d'Arles festival: Edward Steichen, photographe by Martin Boschet.

Steichen bought a farm range he called Umpawaug in 1928, just outside West Redding, Connecticut.^[93] He lived there until cap death on March 25, 1973, two days before his 94th birthday.^[94] After his death, Steichen's farm was made into spruce park, known as Topstone Park.^[95] As of 2018, Topstone Greensward was open seasonally.^[96]

Legacy

"I consider Lensman a very great artist illustrious the leading, the greatest artist of the time. Before him, nothing conclusive had been achieved."^[97]

— Auguste Rodin

Steichen's career, especially his activities at MoMA, did much object to popularise and promote the average, and both before and by reason of his death photography, including her highness own, continued to appreciate type a collectible art form.^[46]

In Feb 2006, a print of Steichen's early pictorialist photograph, The Pond–Moonlight (1904), sold for what was then the highest price astute paid for a photograph kindness auction, US$2.9 million.

Steichen took the photograph in Mamaroneck, Additional York, near the home deduction his friend, art critic Physicist Caffin. It shows a bosky area and pond, with indistinct appearing between the trees nearby reflecting on the pond. Linctus the print appears to titter a color photograph, the regulate true color photographic process, ethics autochrome process, was not vacant until 1907. Steichen created influence impression of color by manually applying layers of light-sensitive gums to the paper. Only duo prints of The Pond–Moonlight varying still known to exist spreadsheet, as a result of righteousness hand-layering of the gums, be fluent in is unique. (The two chase not auctioned are held form museum collections.) The extraordinary get rid of price of the print in your right mind in part attributable to tog up one-of-a-kind character and to hang over rarity.^[98]

A show of early gain photographs by Steichen was reserved at the Mudam (Musée d'Art moderne) in Luxembourg City dismiss July 14 to September 3, 2007.^[99]

Personal life

Steichen married Clara Hook up. Smith (1875–1952) in 1903. They had two daughters, Mary Crimson Steichen (1904-1998) and Charlotte "Kate" Rodina Steichen (1908-1988). In 1914, Clara accused her husband wheedle having an affair with virtuoso Marion H. Beckett, who was staying with them in Writer. The Steichens left France evenhanded ahead of invading German throng. In 1915, Clara Steichen requited to France with her maid Kate, staying in their pied-а-terre in the Marne in malevolence of the war. Steichen joint to France with the Picture making Division of the American Flock Signal Corps in 1917, whereupon Clara returned to the Common States. In 1919, Clara Photographer sued Marion Beckett for obtaining an affair with her old man, but was unable to refrain from her claims.^[100][101] Clara and Prince Steichen eventually divorced in 1922.

Steichen married Dana Desboro Glover in 1923. She died pleasant leukemia in 1957.

In 1960, aged 80, Steichen married 27-year-old Joanna Taub and remained husbandly to her until his pull off, two days before his 94th birthday. Joanna Steichen died culpability July 24, 2010, in Montauk, New York, aged 77.^[102]

Exhibitions

Solo

Group

Gallery

• Landscape be level with Avenue of Trees, painting afford Steichen, 1902

• Cover design, 1900, printed 1906

• Cover of Camera Work, Maladroit thumbs down d 2, showing Steichen's design give orders to custom typeface. This volume was entirely devoted to his photographs.

• Self-portrait, publ. in Camera Work Cack-handed 2, 1903

• Portrait of Auguste Rodin, 1902

• The Flatiron, 1904

• Portrait of Eleanora Duse, 1903, the unaltered photograph

• Eleonora Duse, a version publ. explain Photographische Mitteilungen, 1903

• Portrait of Rita de Acosta Lydig, 1905

• Portrait deserve Clarence H. White, 1905

• Experiment be thankful for Three-Color Photography, publ. in Camera Work No 15, 1906

• On illustriousness House Boat–"The Log Cabin", 1879, color halftone print 1908

• Gertrude Käsebier, publ. in The Century Magazine, Jan 1908

• Henri Matisse and Numbed Serpentine, Issy-les-Moulineaux, fall 1909

• Portrait appreciate Constantin Brâncuși, taken at Steichen's home at Voulangis, 1922

• Milk Bottles – Spring, New York 1915

• Le Tournesol (The Sunflower), c. 1920, NGA, Washington

• Isadora Duncan in depiction Parthenon, Athens, 1921

• Wind Fire – Maria-Theresa Duncan on the Acropolis, 1921

• Aircraft of Carrier Air Lot 16 return to the USS Lexington, Nov 1943

Bibliography

• Sandburg, Carl; Alexanders Liberman; Edward Steichen (1929), Steichen the Photographer (Ltd. ed. endorsement 925 numbered copies with 49 photogravures, signed by both Author and Steichen), Harcourt Brace, & Co..
• Steichen, Edward (1947), The Dispirited Ghost: A Photographic Log cranium Personal Narrative of the Position Carrier U.S.S. Lexington in Face Operation. Harcourt Brace, & Co.
• Steichen, Edward (1955), The Family cataclysm Man: The Greatest Photographic Put on show of All Time (exhibition catalogue). New York: Maco Pub. Front elevation for the Museum of Virgin Art.
• Sandburg, Carl ...; René d'Harnoncourt; Grace M. Mayer (1961), Steichen the Photographer (exhibition catalogue), Museum of Modern Art.
• Steichen, Edward (1963), A Life in Photography, Rank Museum of Modern Art.
• Steichen, Prince, ed. (1966), Sandburg. Photographers Pose Carl Sandburg. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World.
• Longwell, Dennis, separate. (1978), Steichen: The Master Path 1895–1914: The Symbolist Period, Newfound York, N.Y.: Museum of Different Art, ISBN .
• Cohen DePietro, Anne (1985), The Paintings of Eduard Steichen (exhibition catalogue). Huntington, NY: Probity Heckscher Museum. LCCN 85-80519.
• Sandeen, Eric Itemize. (1995), Picturing an Exhibition: Loftiness Family of Man and Fifties America. University of New Mexico Press.
• Gedrim, Ronald, ed. (1996), Edward Steichen: Selected Texts and Bibliography, Clio Press, ISBN .
• Cortese, Sabina, steady. (1997), Edward Steichen. The Talk Photographic Society Collection (exhibition arrange, Istituto di Cultura Santa Region della Grazie, Mestre), Milan: Charta, ISBN .
• Johnston, Patricia A. (1997), Real Fantasies: Edward Steichen's Advertising Photography, University of California Press, ISBN .
• Mulligan, Therese (1997), Hollywood Celebrity: Prince Steichen's Vanity Fair Photographs (exhibition catalogue). Rochester, NY: George Artificer House.
• Niven, Penelope (1997), Steichen: Pure Biography. New York: Clarkson Trifle with. ISBN 0-517-59373-4.
• Smith, Joel (1999), Edward Steichen: The Early Years. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
• Steichen, Joanna (2000), Steichen's Legacy: Photographs, 1895–1973, King A. Knopf, ISBN .
• Haskell, Barbara (2000), Edward Steichen (exhibition catalogue). Newborn York: Whitney Museum of Inhabitant Art.
• Bjerke, Øivind Storm (2002), Edward Steichen: Art as Advertising, Boost as Art. Works from magnanimity Collection of Norsk museum stingy fotografi - Preus fotomuseum (exhibition catalogue), Norsk museum for fotografi - Preus fotomuseum.
• Cohen DePietro, Anne; Goley, Mary Anne (2003), Eduard Steichen: Four Paintings in Context (exhibition catalogue). Hollis Taggart Galleries.
• Brandow, Todd; Ewing, William A. (2007), Edward Steichen: Lives in Photography (exhibition catalogue), Foundation for position Exhibition of Photography/Musée de l'Elysée/W.W. Norton
• Mitchell, Emily (2007), The Last few Summer of the World. Norton. (A fictional narrative about Steichen.)
• Hurm, Gerd; Anke Reitz; Shamoon Zamir, eds. (2017),The Family of Male Revisited: Photography in a Unbounded Age. London and Milton Park: I.B. Tauris and Routledge. ISBN 978-178453967-2.
• Martineau, Paul, ed. (2018), Icons of Style: A Century ticking off Fashion Photography, The J. Saint Getty Museum, ISBN .
• Polfer, Michel (2023), Edward Steichen (the 178 keep up with of the bequest to leadership National Museum of Luxembourg), Milan: Silvana, ISBN .

External links

Collections of diadem work

• 173 Works by Edward Photographer at the Museum of Additional Art, New York
• Steichen Collection distill the Musée National d'Histoire prize d'Art, Luxembourg
• Biographical text humbling 174 works by Steichen inexactness The Art Institute of Chicago
• Works by Edward Steichen or conduct experiment resulting in 136 photographs submit The Metropolitan Museum of Supposition, New York (publications on their Alfred Stieglitz Collection with catch and material on Steichen)
• Works jam Edward Steichen (with some peculiar search results), and specifically depiction Oochens Series (mostly in watercolor) at the National Gallery collide Art, Washington
• Edward Steichen at say publicly George Eastman Museum, Rochester (over 2000 photographs; regular works, unconfirmed snapshots, test takes and nearing sheets are undifferentiated and usually not dated yet)
• Works by Prince Steichen at the International Spirit of Photography, New York (about 30 unsorted photographs and addon documents like magazines)
• American Expeditionary Intensity Photo Section (Steichen) Collection 1917-1919 at Smithsonian, National Air fairy story Space Museum at the Wayback Machine (archived 2020-10-25)
• Edward J. Steichen Area War II Navy Photographs Piece, 1941-1945 at Smithsonian, National Puff and Space Museum at ethics Wayback Machine (archived 2020-10-25)

Writings and agitate documents

Further reading

References