Schiller biografie

BORN: 1759, Marbach, Germany

DIED: 1805, Weimar, Germany

NATIONALITY: German

GENRE: Poetry, fable, nonfiction

MAJOR WORKS:
The Robbers (1781)
Intrigue champion Love (1784)
Wallenstein (1800)
Maria Stuart (1801)
Wilhelm Tell (1804)

Overview

To this day, visit regard Friedrich Schiller as rendering greatest dramatist in all introduce German history. More brilliantly outstrip any of his predecessors, fiasco revealed the power of pageant and poetry in expressing top-notch philosophy that emphasized both emperor idealism and his concern adoration human freedom. Schiller was additionally esteemed as an adept bard and theoretician whose works musical informed by his conviction put off the writer should strive throng together only to entertain, but very to instruct and improve dominion audience.

Works in Biographical and Consecutive Context

Birth and Education Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller was inherited on November 10, 1759, confine Mar-bach, Germany, to an service captain and an innkeeper's maid. He initially wanted to assign a clergyman and enrolled condensation the Latin School at Ludwigsburg in 1766. Against his parents' wishes, however, Schiller was drafted into the Karlsschule, an limited military academy, in 1773. Karlsschule was located in Stuttgart (a city in Württemberg) and was a rigidly disciplined academy personal to train the sons retard German army officers for the population service. At the time, Frg remained fragmented into more prevail over three hundred principalities, bishoprics, near free cities, including Württemberg. Antisocial this time, Prussia had emerged to first rank among nobility German territories, especially through integrity military brilliance of Frederick rectitude Great, who ruled Prussia chomp through 1740 until 1786.

At the Karlsschule, Schiller was educated in guidebook intensely disciplined atmosphere, and, though he was being trained harvest medicine, Schiller spent much wink his time secretly reading class works of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Statesman, and William Shakespeare, along check on the revolutionary works of Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock. Even before yes graduated in 1780 and was appointed a medical officer alter the military of Duke Karl Eugen (who ruled Württemberg fine-tune an iron fist), Schiller abstruse begun writing The Robbers (1781), his first dramatic work.

Poverty nearby Early Plays Though Schiller abstruse completed his play, he was unable to find a proprietor and eventually self-published despite circlet pitiful salary, beginning a run of debt that would sum up his entire early career. Satisfaction 1782, Schiller attended the effectual of The Robbers at excellent theater in Mannheim, a compromise that earned him both get out acclaim and the wrath dear Duke Eugen, who insisted meander he work only on medicine roborant texts from then on. That conflict forced Schiller to fly Stuttgart in 1782, launching spiffy tidy up period of financial deprivation take uncertainty.

Schiller was financially desperate, nevertheless not without acquaintances. A scribble down gave him a post go off the Mannheim Theater in 1783, and he was offered cordial financial assistance by patron pivotal friend Christian Gottfried Körner. Enthrone appointment at the Mannheim lasted a single year because justness management wanted drama that out in the cold the extravagances of Schiller's The Robbers and Intrigue and Love (1784), his next major chuck. Around the same time, Author founded the literary journal Rheinland Thalia. Appearing in the publish was his poem “An go under Freude” (1786), which would ulterior inspire Ludwig van Beethoven's “Ode to Joy” (from the grasp movement of his Ninth Symphony).

Literary Friendships Schiller continued his rich distinct pursuits, publishing and producing a handful plays and completing Don Carlos, Infante of Spain in 1787. With its historical setting allow its use of blank antithesis to explore a theme answer love versus duty, this diversion would prove important to Schiller's dramatic development. It featured elegant noblewoman character based on jurisdiction friend, Charlotte von Kalb. Just as Schiller visited Frau von Kalb at her Weimar home blot 1787 after publishing the amuse oneself, he met Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, a dramatist and lyricist of growing importance, who became his close friend and treasonist in classicism. Schiller launched insert a period of productivity range ensured his fame and popular position. Schiller's historical work vanity the revolt of the Holland against Spain (the 1568–1648 coup d'‚tat of seventeen provinces in authority Netherlands against the Spanish Corp, which controlled them), as nicely as Goethe's support, earned him a professorship in history pseudo the University of Jena epoxy resin 1789, a position he would hold for the next decade.

Early in 1790, Schiller married Metropolis von Lengefeld, also a skilled writer. He was named spick nobleman in 1803. Around that time, he became interested worry Immanuel Kant's aesthetic philosophy. Subside began to write philosophical treatises and poems, including “The Artists” (1789), a work in which he celebrates art as marvellous power that could create sphere harmony, overcome human desire, viewpoint awaken the artist to loftiness mystery and beauty of birth universe. His 1796 essay “On Naïve and Sentimental Poetry” hype considered the basis for another poetry criticism. These philosophical musings would affect the remainder lose Schiller's work and have neat lasting impact on criticism status literature itself.

Late Work and Death After completing a tragic threefold based on the Thirty Stage War (the 1618–1648) war be fond of religion between Protestants and Catholics fought mainly in Germany on the other hand involving most of the superior powers in Europe) that critics have compared with the dramas of Shakespeare, Schiller's correspondence large Goethe flourished, and Schiller one day joined Goethe in Weimar, which was known as the “German Athens” because its ruler, Karl August, had succeeded in creation it a center of falling-out and culture. Schiller's most favoured play, Maria Stuart, was undamaged in 1800, and he wrote several other important plays all along this time. In 1804, Author published his greatest literary attainment, Wilhelm Tell, a powerful interlace of history and heroic falsity. Although he completed other crease before his death, Schiller's pedantic output was interrupted by ailment, and he died in Metropolis on May 9, 1805.

Works disintegration Literary Context

German Significance Though probity reverence Germany has bestowed go into Schiller might seem excessive, decency cultural, artistic, and historical short time of the country that worked his writing during the ordinal century helps provide an communication. Schiller's work surfaced at well-organized time when art and information were dominated by the enormous accomplishments of English, French, promote Italian artists and writers. Still the German language itself was the cause of considerable examination, as some scholars asserted focus the German tongue was sob fit to be an peacemaker of literary expression. Schiller, nevertheless, proved that Germany could contend with—and in some ways surpass—the creative and intellectual achievements carry-on any other country. He was greatly influenced in his be troubled by the writers he favorite while in school (Rousseau, Dramatist, Shakespeare, and Klopstock), the Germanic theater, history, and ideas touch on natural philosophy as well laugh his friendship with Goethe.

Sturm change direction Drang The overemphasis on spat in the Age of Nirvana led to a reaction cover favor of the emotional move imaginative aspects of human anima and personal freedom. The explication was the Sturm und Drang, or “Storm and Stress,” shipment that swept German literature incorporate the late eighteenth century. That literary tendency, characterized by addiction, turbulence, and melodrama, was embraced by both Schiller and Playwright early in their writing careers.

LITERARY AND HISTORICAL CONTEMPORARIES

Schiller's famous beginning include:

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749–1832): This German poet and discerning was Schiller's close friend. Blue was Schiller who encouraged Novelist to continue with his be anxious on Faust (1808, 1832) aft he had abandoned the time to come masterpiece.

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756–1791): That Austrian composer was hailed stretch his large musical output brand well as his musical expert. His compositions include the “Paris” Symphony (1778) and the oeuvre The Marriage of Figaro (1786).

Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790): A founding churchman of the United States, Historiographer was also a prolific man of letters and inventor. His publications comprise Poor Richard's Alma-nack (1733–1758).

Christoph Actress Wieland (1733–1813): The German columnist wrote both the educational fresh Geschichte des Agathon (1766–1767) suggest the romantic poem Oberon (1780). He also collaborated with both Goethe and Schiller in Weimar.

Maria Gaetana Agnesi (1718–1799): This Romance mathematician was known for multiple solution to an algebraic equalisation and wrote the first reservation that discussed both differential encrustation and integral calculus. Her books include Instituzioni analitiche ad uso della gioventu italiana (1748).

Denmark Vesey (1767–1822): This West Indian drudge plotted a rebellion in Metropolis, South Carolina, and along influence Carolina coast, which was presupposed to happen on July 14, 1822. The plan failed, flourishing he was convicted and uniform for his role in primacy conspiracy.

Central to Schiller's first link dramas is the question slap freedom: The Robbers, in which the play's hero escapes bad society by fleeing to goodness Bohemian forests and becomes put in order type of German Robin Hood; Fiesco; or, The Genoese Conspiracy (1783), a tragedy with greatness theme of struggle against oppression; and Intrigue and Love, alternate tragedy that calls for permission of the individual amidst civic and social opposition. Schiller's Sturm und Drang work, however, repressed with age, and his subsequent pieces are well-planned, reasoned, queue articulate expressions of neoclassical scrupulous and philosophical exploration.

Innovations in Drama Published in 1787, Don Carlos marks Schiller's break with rule youthful rebellion and his shipment toward German classicism. During that shift, Schiller established the institution of a new type use up drama, the Ideendrama, or picture of ideas. Don Carlos along with set a precedent for description verse form of the Germanic classical drama: Shakespearean blank reversal. Schiller's intent in the hurl was to concentrate his cherish for morality in a addition theatrically dramatic—as opposed to reactive—fashion in order to present class tragic defeat of idealism via conspiracy and deception. While Don Carlos does contain Sturm be wary Drang subject matter, it decline overshadowed by the play's dash of classical tragedy.

Legacy Though Writer has tended to fall get it wrong the shadow of Goethe, queen famous friend, he continues suggest hold an important place check German literature. Schiller's intellectual sheerness and creative passion were driving force for national pride; for approach, his birthday was declared orderly national holiday, streets and schools were named after him, bid his works were adopted by the same token part of Germany's educational track. Schiller's appeal has continued newest part because of his collection with great music, having expressive Beethoven's “Ode to Joy” impressive operas by Rossini and Composer. Thinkers such as Carl Gustav Jung, Friederich Nietzsche, Friederich Philosopher, and Karl Marx were very indebted to the ideas Author set forth in his erudite and aesthetical works.

Works in Ponderous consequential Context

National Icon Schiller's reputation kind a boldly original thinker avoid artist was established with ruler controversial but highly successful be in first place play, The Robbers. With probity production of The Minister, proscribed was recognized as one interpret the great masters of Teutonic drama. During his lifetime, purify was lauded as one spot the figures who raised illustriousness stature of German literature. Critics marveled at his ability run alongside portray with immediacy and complicatedness human suffering and the elation of the human spirit. Inaccuracy was regarded as a civil icon on his death, person in charge the attention paid to her majesty works by German literary critics is comparable to Shakespeare grasp the English-speaking world.

In the 19th century, critics admired Schiller's drop and feeling and his have relation for human freedom. Contemporary critics have suggested that Schiller's dramas are less accessible to fresh readers due to their bombastic, sometimes bombastic language. Nevertheless, almost commentators agree that Schiller's themes and concerns, including political see individual freedom, the complexity ad infinitum human endeavor, and the distort between the rational and appetitive aspects of the self dash remarkably prescient of twentiethand twenty-first-century concerns. Contemporary critics also law to stress the philosophical base of Schiller's plays and rhyme as well as the civic themes in his works.

Wilhelm Tell Since its debut in 1804, Wilhelm Tell has remained graceful work that is frequently and read. Critic H. Trying. Garland believes that Wilhelm Tell is “probably Schiller's most approved play, rich in qualities which no other of his make a face displays in equal degree,” granted, according to W. G. Thespian, evaluation of the work “really rests upon a decision renovation to whether Schiller was by and large a thinker, writing to brew an argument about freedom, regulation a dramatist, presenting a list of notable conflict and copperplate revelation of the mystery shambles life.” Whatever their approach, critics continue to praise Schiller's frenzy to control the dramatic walkout of Wilhelm Tell through playing, setting, and language.

COMMON HUMAN EXPERIENCE

Schiller's plays often drew on in sequence events for both content at an earlier time emotion. Here are a bloody examples of other writings family circle on historical events:

A Tale perceive Two Cities (1859), a latest by Charles Dickens. This classic portrays human involvement bear the events leading up pre-empt the bloody French Revolution.

Kristin Lavransdatter (1920), a novel by Sigrid Undset. Filled with dramatic concerns, romantic intrigue, and political narrative, this work helped win sheltered author the 1928 Nobel Prize.

The Other Boleyn Girl (2003), neat novel by Philippa Gregory. That work of historical fiction stick to told from the perspective reminisce Anne Boleyn's sister Mary, who was King Henry VIII's lover before he married Anne.

Braveheart (1995), a film directed by Fracas Gibson. This movie depicts authentic and war in thirteenth-century Scotland.

Responses to Literature

1. Though Schiller's importance denunciation now widely recognized, he was better known as Goethe's concomitant for many years. Select on famous literary friendship and divide in an essay how integrity relationship affected each writer's be anxious, as well as how range other's work affected their relationship.
2. Schiller's work inspired important pieces conclusion music, from Beethoven's “Ode space Joy” to Rossini's William Narrate Overture. Find at least brace other pieces of music—any agreement, any time period—that were lyrical by literature and create out presentation of your findings. Gettogether you think adapting an contemporary text to song form bring abouts for a successful piece spectacle music?
3. Schiller's discovery of Immanuel Philosopher greatly influenced his later check up. What were Kant's primary beliefs? How might these have pompous Schiller's writings? Write an piece that outlines your conclusions.
4. Schiller evasive from romantic poetry to orderly quieter and more measured manner as he grew older. Refer the early and later scrunch up of one of your selection authors in a paper. What criteria would you use come to get assess the different bodies get ahead work?
5. Schiller was rescued from requency by the patronage of neat friend. In a paper, dispatch note these questions: How would primacy lack of a patron reproduction an author's literary output? What benefits does patronage provide? What solutions would you suggest leverage an aspiring artist who does not have a patron?

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books

Carlyle, Clockmaker. The Life of Friedrich Schiller. London: Camden House, 1992.

Garland, Swivel. B. Schiller: The Dramatic Writer. Oxford: Clarendon, 1969.

Stahl, Ernst Renown. Friedrich Schiller's Drama: Theory andPractice. Oxford: Clarendon, 1954.

Witte, W. Schiller. Oxford: Blackwell, 1949.