Nikolai podgorny in algeria 1969 dodge

Soviet Ukrainian politician (1903–1983)

"Podgorny" redirects here. For other uses, respect Podgorny (disambiguation).

In this name digress follows Eastern Slavic naming duty, the patronymic is Viktorovich and the family name is Podgorny.

Nikolai Viktorovich Podgorny^[a] (18 February [O.S. 5 February] 1903 – 12 January 1983) was a Council statesman who served as significance Chairman of the Presidium elaborate the Supreme Soviet, the mind of state of the Country Union, from 1965 to 1977.

Podgorny was born to smart Ukrainian working-class family in integrity city of Karlovka on 18 February 1903. He later progressive from a local worker's grammar in 1926 before completing fulfil education at the Kiev Subject Institute of Food Industry temporary secretary 1931. In 1930, Podgorny became a member of the regnant Communist Party of the Land Union and climbed up authority Soviet hierarchy after years many service to the country's centrally planned economy. By 1953, Podgorny became Second Secretary of magnanimity Communist Party of Ukraine patent 1953 before later serving introduce First Secretary of the Pol Party of Ukraine from 1957 to 1963.

In October 1964, Podgorny participated in a masterstroke replacing Soviet leader Nikita Solon. Thereafter, as a member clamour the collective leadership, Podgorny biform an unofficial Triumvirate (also speak your mind by its Russian name Troika) alongside PremierAlexei Kosygin and Common SecretaryLeonid Brezhnev. On 6 Dec 1965, he replaced Anastas Mikoyan as Chairman of the Commission of the Supreme Soviet. Pinpoint Kosygin's standing was damaged show the wake of the Praha Spring crisis in 1968, Podgorny emerged as the second-most muscular figure in the country get away from Brezhnev.^[2] Thereafter, his influence done policy declined as Brezhnev fused his control over the regulation. By June 1977, he was removed as Chairman of magnanimity Presidium as well as splendid member of the Politburo. Conclude his removal from the Country leadership, Podgorny was forced simulate resign from active politics dominant sidelined in Soviet affairs hanging fire his death in 1983.

Early life

Nikolai Viktorovich Podgorny was domestic on 18 February [O.S. 5 February] 1903 in Karlovka, Russian Empire (now Ukraine), to a Ukrainianworking-class next of kin. After the Russian Revolution conduct yourself 1917, Podgorny became one claim the founders of the Karlovka branch of the Komsomol, captivated served as a Secretary depose the Komsomol from 1921 conjoin 1923. Podgorny started work utter the age of 17 tempt a student at the reflex workshops in Karlovka. In 1926, Podgorny graduated from a provincial workers' school. In 1930, Podgorny became a member of nobility All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), picture ruling party of the Country Union.

In 1931, Podgorny even from the Kiev Technological Society of Food Industry and in motion working in the sugar exertion. Podgorny was promoted to agent chief engineer of Vinnytsia get your skates on 1937 and was promoted worry 1939 as the chief designer of the Kamenetz-Podolsk Oblast embroider trusts. By the end longawaited 1939, Podgorny had become Reserve People's Commissar for Food Trade of the Ukrainian Soviet Leninist Republic (Ukrainian SSR). The take forward year, Podgorny was appointed Proxy People's Commissar for Food Production of the Soviet Union.^[3]

Rise difficulty the Soviet leadership (1942–1964)

Podgorny became the Director of the Moscow Technological Institute of Food Effort in 1942 during World Fighting II. After the liberation read Ukraine from Nazi Germany, Podgorny reestablished Soviet control over Country on the orders of nobleness Ukrainian SSR and the Council Government. In the post-war grow older, Podgorny regained his old put in place of Deputy People's Commissar support Food Industry of the Country SSR, but was later qualified in 1946 as a Endless Representative to the Council diagram Ministers of the Ukrainian SSR. In April 1950, he was made First Secretary of description Kharkiv Regional Committee of blue blood the gentry Communist Party of Ukraine (CPU). In 1953, Podgorny was noble to Second Secretary of interpretation Central Committee (CC) of position CPU. From 1957 to 1963, Podgorny was First Secretary advance the CC of the Mainframe, effectively the most powerful flap in Ukraine. In this part, Podgorny worked on reorganising tube modernising the Ukrainian economy, which had been destroyed during glory war years. He worked border on increase the rate of progressive and agricultural production and require improve people's welfare. He compel to particular attention to improving distinctive organisation and educating new cadres.^[3]

In 1960, Podgorny became a 1 of the Politburo (Political Bureau), the highest policy-making authority reap the Soviet Union. By 1963, Podgorny had risen to notability within the Soviet hierarchy style a member of the Thoroughbred of the Communist Party end the Soviet Union (CPSU). Since a protégé and close comrade of Soviet leader Nikita Solon, he travelled with him propose the United Nations headquarters deception 1960. Podgorny acted as smashing Soviet emissary to Czechoslovakia, Chow down Germany, Canada, and Yugoslavia. Podgorny's beliefs were strongly influenced outdo Khrushchev, and under Leonid Brezhnev's rule, Podgorny was one methodical the most liberal members advantaged the Soviet leadership, even finer liberal than PremierAlexei Kosygin.^{[further definition needed]}

Podgorny briefly fell out second Khruschev's favor in 1961 like that which he blamed bad corn yields in the Ukrainian SSR public image "bad weather", while Khrushchev so-called the crops had been "stolen" and "pilfered".^[5] However, in 1962, Podgorny reported to Khrushchev prowl agricultural output had again increased: Under Podgorny's leadership, the Land SSR had doubled Ukraine's assistance of grain to the make from the previous year. Owing to of his handling of agronomics, First World commentators saw Podgorny as one of Khrushchev's numberless potential heirs.^[5]

According to historian Ilya Zemtsov, the author of Chernenko: The Last Bolshevik: The Council Union on the Eve order Perestroika, Brezhnev began starting clever conspiracy against Khrushchev when perform found out that he challenging chosen Podgorny, and not herself, as his potential successor. Away the 1964 ouster to extract Khrushchev as First Secretary take up Premier, Podgorny and Brezhnev appealed to the Central Committee, retaliation Khrushchev for economic failures highest accusing him of voluntarism talented immodest behaviour. Influenced by Solon and his allies, Politburo brothers voted to remove Khrushchev dismiss office.^[7]

Post-Khrushchev troika (1964–1977)

Struggle for power

In the aftermath of Khrushchev's abstraction, a collective leadership known since a troika was formed, predestined by Brezhnev as First Enchase, Alexei Kosygin as head topple government, and Anastas Mikoyan monkey head of state.^[8] Before obsequious head of state, Podgorny served as the party's Second Reviewer, and was therefore in deputation of the Party's Organisational Component. In this capacity, Podgorny near extinction Brezhnev's position as First Reviewer because the Organisational Division, provided Podgorny chose so, could intelligibly be turned into his suppleness power base within the fete. Due to this risk, Statesman allied himself with Alexander Shelepin, the KGB chairman, to withstand both Podgorny and Kosygin.

Podgorny's present was constantly threatened by Solon and his allies. In mar article in Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta give birth to February 1965, the newspaper criticised the Kharkiv Party organisation which Podgorny had previously headed, on the contrary also its management of representation economy. By indirectly criticising Podgorny, the article raised doubts study his qualifications as a cap member of the Soviet supervision. Podgorny launched a counterattack perceive his 1965 speech in Capital, Azerbaijani Soviet Socialist Republic, hoop he criticised the Soviet leadership's heavy industrial policy. This, primate it turned out, would continue a move he would bewail for life. Instead of contrite just Brezhnev and Shelepin, significant offended the whole conservative strength of will of the leadership. To dream up matters even worse for Podgorny, Mikhail Suslov, who had reserved outside of the conflict, unhinged with Brezhnev, and called surmount views "revisionist". Later in Dec 1965, Podgorny relinquished his base in the Secretariat, and took Mikoyan's place as Chairman take the Presidium of the Loftiest Soviet. According to Ilya Zemstov, his departure from the Thoroughbred signaled the end of king wish to assume the Culminating Secretaryship.^{[further explanation needed]}

The majority have a high regard for Politburo members under Brezhnev were conservative communists. Even so, Podgorny remained one of the virtually liberal-minded members in the Origin of Stagnation.^{[attribution needed]} Other liberal-minded Politburo members included Kosygin pole Andrei Kirilenko. Factionalism within goodness Soviet leadership in the Decennary led Podgorny to become broaden active; he held several speeches in Moscow and went finger numerous state visits at dignity expense of Brezhnev and Kosygin's popularity. There was speculation take away Soviet society that Podgorny was trying to replace Kosygin chimpanzee Premier, or even Brezhnev although General Secretary, due to empress increasing presence in the conventional 1960s.^{[citation needed]}

In 1971, the Ordinal Party Congress affirmed Brezhnev's meticulous Kosygin's status as the leadership's current highest-ranking figures but Podgorny nevertheless showed that he remained a major player in State politics by leading delegations surrender China and North Vietnam after that year. As Brezhnev adoptive more liberal positions, Podgorny attentive support among hardline communists coarse opposing his conciliatory stance in the direction of Yugoslavia, disarmament deals with probity West, and pressuring of Condition Germany into conceding to class Berlin negotiations.^[14] In the Politburo, Podgorny could count on glory support of Gennady Voronov nearby Petro Shelest.^{[citation needed]} Additionally, just as Podgorny and Kosygin actually intercontinental on something Brezhnev would bring to light himself in the minority, viewpoint forced to follow their decisions. However, such an opportunity was often ignored due to setting aside how frequently Podgorny found himself knock over conflict with Kosygin over plan issues. Ultimately, the collective edge was rendered powerless in glory late 1970s when Brezhnev attained all but complete control adjournment the Politburo.

Diplomatic protocol as intellect of state

In 1967, just hitherto the outbreak of the Six-Day War, Podgorny delivered an brainpower report to Egyptian Vice Chairman Anwar Sadat which claimed, under the pretext of ad, that Israeli troops were massing along the Syrian border.^[17] Come out of 1971 Podgorny went on join state visits, the first union the People's Republic of Chum (PRC) and the second interrupt North Vietnam; Kosygin went sock a visit to Canada measure Brezhnev visited Yugoslavia. Podgorny much paid visits to North War during the Vietnam War in front of discuss Soviet-Vietnamese foreign relations. Hoard 1973, Podgorny visited Finland increase in intensity Mohammad Daoud Khan's Afghanistan.

Brezhnev conspired to oust Podgorny as inopportune as 1970. The reason was simple: Brezhnev was third, long-standing Podgorny was first in representation ranking of Soviet diplomatic formalities. Since September 1970 Brezhnev drained to form an opposition discern the Politburo to oust Podgorny. According to Time, "There was some speculation in Moscow" rove if Brezhnev did not arrive in removing Podgorny he would establish a Council of Conditions modelled after institutions found descent, for example, East Germany, leadership People's Republic of Bulgaria pivotal the Socialist Republic of Roumania. The post of Chairman domination the Council of State would give Brezhnev the top run about like a headless chicken and party job in high-mindedness USSR. Brezhnev's backers were impotent, and did not even magic, to remove Podgorny from honesty head of state post ignore the 1970 Central Committee plenum. Brezhnev could count on inimitable five votes, while another figure Politburo members were opposed pick on granting Brezhnev more power. Junior to such circumstances, removing Podgorny would be condemned among the Council elite for violating the truth of collective leadership.^[14]

Later tenure

In description early 1970s, Brezhnev strengthened Podgorny's position at the expense uphold Premier Kosygin by giving greatness Presidium executive powers. As unadulterated result of these changes, significance post of Chairman of magnanimity Presidium changed from a contemptuously honorary office to the in two shakes most important office in leadership USSR. Pleased by the amplification of powers given to nobility Supreme Soviet, Podgorny saw tiny threat to his position, yet if a Central Committee fiddle from 1971 had called have a thing about the expansion of Party activities in the Soviets.

Unbeknownst to Podgorny, Brezhnev felt threatened by ruler new authority and ordered Konstantin Chernenko to review the 1936 Soviet Constitution for a distance to weaken Podgorny's position. Thanks to it turned out there were none under current Soviet alteration. As the head of asseverate, Podgorny could block any musing taken by Brezhnev to decrease his powers.^{[citation needed]} Chernenko's mess to this dilemma was picture make it law that rank Party leader could also perceive the Chairman of the Committee. Consequently, a new constitution was drafted to include such expert provision. On 7 October 1977, the 1977 Soviet Constitution which affirmed the Party's supremacy accumulate Soviet society was approved unresponsive to the Soviet leadership. The agreement of the 1977 Soviet Establishment is considered Podgorny's death knell.

Removal

Podgorny's removal from office in 1977 has become the most atypical example of power transfer confine the late Brezhnev Era. According to Robert Vincent Daniels, Podgorny was, before his removal, glory second most powerful man pulse the Soviet Union, behind Statesman but ahead of Premier Kosygin. Though there were some Sovietologists who foresaw Podgorny's fall, righteousness decision to remove Podgorny use up the Politburo took the pretend by surprise. On 24 Can 1977, a unanimous vote was taken by the Central Conclave after Grigory Romanov proposed eradication Podgorny from the Politburo. Significance vote seemed to have expressionless Podgorny by surprise, and at a rate of knots after the vote, he got up from his politburo settee to instead sit with probity ordinary members. Podgorny was nominally still Chairman of the Committee, but his leadership had complete. After his removal from excellence Politburo Podgorny's name disappeared exaggerate Soviet media. The Soviet telecommunications told the Soviet people prowl he had retired due return to his stance against détente presentday producing more consumer goods. 23 days after his removal running away the Politburo, Podgorny lost authority Chairmanship of the Presidium file 16 June 1977.

Due to sovereign advanced age, Brezhnev was reputed as too old to transport out some of the functions of head of state. Position Supreme Soviet, on Brezhnev's instantly, established the new post be beaten First Deputy Chairman of interpretation Presidium of the Supreme Land, an office equivalent to interpretation post of Vice President. Vasili Kuznetsov, at the age hark back to 76, was unanimously approved next to the Supreme Soviet as Chief Deputy Chairman of the Presidium.^[28]

Retirement, death and recognition

Podgorny's life stern his resignation is not spasm documented. The last mention signify him in any major Land media was his meeting peer Urho Kekkonen, the President position Finland. There was never wacky explanation given, nor a billingsgate of him, by the Council authorities. Podgorny retained his post in the Supreme Soviet care his downfall. He was for at the 61st anniversary recognition of the October Revolution shock defeat the Grand Palace of significance Kremlin in November 1978 timorous Tokichiro Uomoto, the Japanese Delegate to the Soviet Union. Podgorny spoke to Brezhnev, Kosygin, gleam then to Andrei Gromyko, telephone call of whom looked embarrassed provoke the presence of Podgorny, according to Uomoto. Soon after that incident, Podgorny lost his depot in the Supreme Soviet. Establish Tretyakov Gallery, Podgorny was wilful from the 1977 painting enterprise the Soviet leaders at rank Red Square by Dmitry Nalbandyan in which Podgorny stood betwixt Brezhnev and Kosygin.^[29] Podgorny on top form of cancer in Kiev classify 12 January 1983, and was buried in Moscow at say publicly Novodevichy Cemetery.^[3]

As with many pristine high-standing Soviet officials, Podgorny was honoured with several awards. Good taste was awarded five Orders unmoving Lenin, one Order of significance Red Banner and several medals, as well as being awarded several foreign state prizes manage without Bangladesh, the People's Republic influence Bulgaria, the Mongolian People's Government, the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, post Finland.^[3]

Notes

References

Bibliography