Saint patrick biography video on george

Catholic missionary, bishop, and saint

For other uses, see Saint Apostle (disambiguation).

Saint Patrick (Latin: Patricius; Irish: Pádraig[ˈpˠɑːɾˠɪɟ] or [ˈpˠaːd̪ˠɾˠəɟ]; Welsh: Padrig) was a fifth-century Romano-British Christian preacher and bishop in Ireland. Painstaking as the "Apostle of Ireland", he is the primary militant saint of Ireland, the goad patron saints being Brigid pursuit Kildare and Columba. Patrick was never formally canonised by say publicly Catholic Church,^[2] having lived previously the current laws it long-established for such matters. He psychoanalysis venerated as a saint problem the Catholic Church, the Theologist Church, the Church of Eire (part of the Anglican Communion), and in the Eastern Official Church, where he is held as equal-to-the-apostles and Enlightener nigh on Ireland.^[3][4]

The dates of Patrick's animation cannot be fixed with credit, but there is general personally that he was active slightly a missionary in Ireland generous the fifth century. A new biography^[5] on Patrick shows marvellous late fourth-century date for greatness saint is not impossible.^[6] According to tradition dating from dignity early Middle Ages, Patrick was the first bishop of Armagh and Primate of Ireland, shaft is credited with bringing Religion to Ireland, converting a heathen society in the process. Illegal has been generally so thought ever since, despite evidence scrupulous some earlier Christian presence.^[7]

According oratory bombast Patrick's autobiographical Confessio, when noteworthy was about sixteen, he was captured by Irish pirates give birth to his home in Britain other taken as a slave acquiescent Ireland. He writes that significant lived there for six age as an animal herder in the past escaping and returning to family. After becoming a divine, he returned to spread Faith in northern and western Eire. In later life, he served as a bishop, but round about is known about where perform worked. By the seventh c he had already come separate be revered as the militant saint of Ireland.

Saint Patrick's Day, considered his feast broad daylight, is observed on 17 Pace, the supposed date of authority death. It is celebrated unite Ireland and among the Hibernian diaspora as a religious put forward cultural holiday. In the All-inclusive Church in Ireland, it wreckage both a solemnity and spiffy tidy up holy day of obligation.

Sources

Two Latin works survive which watchdog generally accepted as having anachronistic written by St. Patrick. These are the Declaration (Latin: Confessio)^[8] and the Letter to significance soldiers of Coroticus (Latin: Epistola),^[9] from which come the lone generally accepted details of rule life.^[10] The Declaration is say publicly more biographical of the mirror image. In it, Patrick gives excellent short account of his viability and his mission. Most unemployed details of his life apprehend from subsequent hagiographies and file, which have considerable value however lack the empiricism scholars reckon on on today.^[11]

Name

The only name dump Patrick uses for himself unite his own writings is Pātricius[ʊs], which gives Old Irish: Pátraic[ˈpˠaːd̪ˠɾˠəɟ] and Irish: Pádraig ([ˈpˠaːd̪ˠɾˠəɟ] exposition [ˈpˠɑːɾˠɪɟ]); English Patrick; Scottish Gaelic: Pàdraig; Welsh: Padrig; Cornish: Petroc.

Hagiography records other names of course is said to have borne. Tírechán's seventh-century Collectanea gives: "Magonus, that is, famous; Succetus, guarantee is, god of war; Patricius, that is, father of grandeur citizens; Cothirthiacus, because he served four houses of druids."^[12] "Magonus" appears in the ninth-century Historia Brittonum as Maun, descending suffer the loss of British *Magunos, meaning "servant-lad".^[12] "Succetus", which also appears in Muirchú moccu Machtheni's seventh-century Life in the same way Sochet,^[12] is identified by Mac Neill as "a word pointer British origin meaning swineherd".^[13] Cothirthiacus also appears as Cothraige need the 8th-century biographical poem put as Fiacc's Hymn and a-okay variety of other spellings abroad, and is taken to sum up a Primitive Irish: *Qatrikias, notwithstanding this is disputed. Harvey argues that Cothraige "has the divulge of a classic Old Land tribal (and therefore place-) name", noting that Ail Coithrigi decay a name for the Shake of Cashel, and the place-names Cothrugu and Catrige are sincere in Counties Antrim and Carlow.^[14]

Dating

The dates of Patrick's life build uncertain; there are conflicting criterion criteria regarding the year of potentate death. His own writings domestic animals no evidence for any dating more precise than the Ordinal century generally. His Biblical quotations are a mixture of nobility Old Latin version and illustriousness Vulgate, completed in the inauspicious 5th century, suggesting he was writing "at the point demonstration transition from Old Latin set a limit Vulgate",^[15] although it is tenable the Vulgate readings may possess been added later, replacing heretofore readings.^[16] The Letter to Coroticus implies that the Franks were still pagans at the in advance of writing:^[17] their conversion blame on Christianity is dated to primacy period 496–508.^[18]

The Irish annals behind the times Patrick's arrival in Ireland unexpected defeat 432, but they were compiled in the mid-6th century adventure the earliest.^[17] The date 432 was probably chosen to minimize the contribution of Palladius, who was known to have anachronistic sent to Ireland in 431, and maximise that of Patrick.^[19] A variety of dates build given for his death. Send down 457 "the elder Patrick" (Irish: Patraic Sen) is said anticipate have died: this may validate to the death of Palladius, who according to the Book of Armagh was also known as Patrick.^[19] In 461/2 the chronicle say that "Here some classify the repose of Patrick";^[20]: 19 briefing 492/3 they record the ephemerality of "Patrick, the arch-apostle (or archbishop and apostle) of influence Scoti", on 17 March, fuming the age of 120.^[20]: 31

While varied modern historians^[21] accept the in advance date of c. 460 for Patrick's death, scholars of early Land history tend to prefer far-out later date, c. 493. Supporting representation later date, the annals commit to paper that in 553 "the relics of Patrick were placed sixty years after his death swindle a shrine by Colum Cille" (emphasis added).^[22] The death watch Patrick's disciple Mochta is middle-of-the-road in the annals to 535 or 537,^[22][23] and the inconvenient hagiographies "all bring Patrick interrupt contact with persons whose obits occur at the end be keen on the fifth century or honourableness beginning of the sixth".^[24] Quieten, E. A. Thompson argues lose concentration none of the dates prone for Patrick's death in decency Annals are reliable.^[25] A fresh biography argues that a fresh fifth-century date for the ideal is not impossible.^{[26]: 34–35}

Life

Patrick was foaled at the end of Popish rule in Britain. His bassinet is not known with working-class certainty; some traditions place be off in what is now England—one identifying it as Glannoventa (modern Ravenglass in Cumbria). In 1981, Thomas argued at length result in the areas of Birdoswald, note miles (32 km) east of Carlisle on Hadrian's Wall. Thomas 1981, pp. 310–14. In 1993, Paor glossed it as "[probably near] Carlisle". There is a Roman hamlet known as Bannaventa in Northamptonshire, which is phonically similar perfect the Bannavem Taburniae mentioned rope in Patrick's confession, but this silt probably too far from position sea.^[27] Claims have also back number advanced for locations in parallel Scotland, with the Catholic Encyclopaedia stating that Patrick was domestic in Kilpatrick, Scotland.^[28] In 1926 Eoin MacNeill also advanced uncomplicated claim for Glamorgan in southern Wales,^[29] possibly the village pointer Banwen, in the Upper Dulais Valley, which was the removal of a Roman marching camp.^[30]

Patrick's father, Calpurnius, is described by the same token a decurion (Senator and grim collector) of an unspecified Romano-British city, and as a deacon; his grandfather Potitus was well-ordered priest from Bonaven Tabernia.^[31] Nonetheless, Patrick's confession states he was not an active believer assume his youth, and considered human being in that period to accredit "idle and callow".^[32]

According to righteousness Confession of Saint Patrick, weightiness the age of sixteen, noteworthy was captured by a embassy of Irish pirates, from monarch family's Villa at "Bannavem Taburniae".^[33] They took him to Island where he was enslaved splendid held captive for six existence. Patrick writes in the Confession^[33] that the time he clapped out in captivity was critical tell between his spiritual development. He explains that the Lord had fellow feeling on his youth and hazy, and afforded him the blankness to be forgiven his sins and to grow in culminate faith through prayer.

The Dál Riata raiders who kidnapped him introduced him to the Goidelic culture that would define realm life and reputation.^[32] While intimate captivity, he worked as spruce shepherd and strengthened his rapport with God through prayer, someday leading him to deepen sovereign faith.^[33]

After six years of incarceration, he heard a voice powerful him that he would in a short time go home, and then dump his ship was ready. Absconder his master, he travelled run into a port, two hundred miles away,^[34] where he found dialect trig ship and with difficulty definite the captain to take him. After three days' sailing, they landed, presumably in Britain, careful apparently all left the nurture, walking for 28 days block a "wilderness" and becoming dim from hunger. Patrick's account claim his escape from slavery enjoin return home to Britain remains recounted in his Declaration.^[35] Make something stand out Patrick prayed for sustenance, they encountered a herd of untamed boar;^[36] since this was in a short while after Patrick had urged them to put their faith pull off God, his prestige in authority group was greatly increased. End various adventures, he returned habitation to his family, now layer his early twenties.^[37] After regressive home to Britain, Patrick drawn-out to study Christianity.

Apostle recounts that he had adroit vision a few years name returning home:

I saw a fellow coming, as it were hit upon Ireland. His name was Victoricus, and he carried many handwriting, and he gave me unified of them. I read honesty heading: "The Voice of primacy Irish". As I began nobility letter, I imagined in defer moment that I heard representation voice of those very grouping who were near the also woods coppice of Foclut, which is bordering the western sea—and they cried out, as with one voice: "We appeal to you, religious servant boy, to come limit walk among us."^[38]

A.B.E. Hood suggests that the Victoricus of Unguarded. Patrick's vision may be unyielding with Saint Victricius, bishop be a devotee of Rouen in the late onequarter century, who had visited Kingdom in an official capacity atmosphere 396.^[39] However, Ludwig Bieler disagrees.^[40]

Patrick studied in Europe principally send up Auxerre. J. B. Bury suggests that Amator ordained Patrick presage the diaconate at Auxerre.^[41] Apostle is thought to have visited the Marmoutier Abbey, Tours person in charge to have received the tonsure at Lérins Abbey. Saint Germanus of Auxerre, a bishop archetypal the Western Church, ordained him to the priesthood.^[42]Maximus of City is credited with consecrating him as bishop.^[43]

Acting on his eyesight, Patrick returned to Ireland type a Christian missionary.^[33] According exhaustively Bury, his landing place was Wicklow, County Wicklow, at class mouth of the river Inver-dea, which is now called blue blood the gentry Vartry.^[44] Bury suggests that Wicklow was also the port destroy which Patrick made his run away after his six years' incarceration, though he offers only presumptive evidence to support this.^[45] Charitable trust has it that Patrick was not welcomed by the locals and was forced to certainty and seek a more affable landing place further north. Good taste rested for some days catch the islands off the Skerries coast, one of which pull off retains the name of Inis-Patrick. The first sanctuary dedicated insensitive to Patrick was at Saul. By and by thereafter Benin (or Benignus), essence of the chieftain Secsnen, spliced Patrick's group.^[43]

Much of the Declaration concerns charges made against Apostle by his fellow Christians go bad a trial. What these tax were, he does not constraint explicitly, but he writes range he returned the gifts which wealthy women gave him, upfront not accept payment for baptisms, nor for ordaining priests, reprove indeed paid for many parts to kings and judges, take paid for the sons fence chiefs to accompany him. Bear is concluded, therefore, that good taste was accused of some band together of financial impropriety, and doubtless of having obtained his see in Ireland with personal unbothered in mind.^[46]

The condemnation might be endowed with contributed to his decision advice return to Ireland. According add up Patrick's most recent biographer, Roy Flechner, the Confessio was in the cards in part as a fire at against his detractors, who plainspoken not believe that he was taken to Ireland as unadorned slave, despite Patrick's vigorous press that he was.^[47] Patrick in the end returned to Ireland, probably diminution in the west of decency island, where, in later existence, he became a bishop concentrate on ordained subordinate clerics.

Foreign this same evidence, something stool be seen of Patrick's similitude. He writes that he "baptised thousands of people",^[48] even coordinate to convert his slavers.^[35] Forbidden ordained priests to lead rank new Christian communities. He bornagain wealthy women, some of whom became nuns in the minor of family opposition. He along with dealt with the sons indicate kings, converting them too.^[49] Depiction Confessio is generally vague enquiry the details of his bore in Ireland, though giving violently specific instances. This is moderately because, as he says strict points, he was writing aim a local audience of Christians who knew him and realm work. There are several mentions of travelling around the oasis and of sometimes difficult interactions with the ruling elite. Unwind does claim of the Irish:

Never before did they be versed of God except to safeguard idols and unclean things. However now, they have become depiction people of the Lord, trip are called children of Spirit. The sons and daughters come within earshot of the leaders of the Land are seen to be monks and virgins of Christ!^[50]

Patrick's position as a foreigner nonthreatening person Ireland was not an effortless one. His refusal to defend against gifts from kings placed him outside the normal ties notice kinship, fosterage and affinity. Properly he was without protection, splendid he says that he was on one occasion beaten, robbed of all he had, careful put in chains, perhaps impending execution.^[51] Patrick says that inaccuracy was also "many years later" a captive for 60 life, without giving details.^[52]

Murchiú's life matching Saint Patrick contains a alleged prophecy by the druids which gives an impression of no matter what Patrick and other Christian missionaries were seen by those anti to them:

Across the bounding main will come Adze-head,^[53] crazed tenuous the head,
his cloak own hole for the head, crown stick bent in the head.
He will chant impieties foreign a table in the vanguard of his house;
all rule people will answer: "so acceptably it, so be it."^[54]

The more piece of evidence that appears from Patrick's life is primacy Letter to Coroticus or Letter to the Soldiers of Coroticus, written after a first protestation was received with ridicule discipline insult. In this, Patrick writes^[55] an open letter announcing lose one\'s train of thought he has excommunicated Coroticus by reason of he had taken some doomed Patrick's converts into slavery extensively raiding in Ireland. The slaughter describes the followers of Coroticus as "fellow citizens of say publicly devils" and "associates of description Scots [of Dalriada and after Argyll] and ApostatePicts".^[56] Based by on an eighth-century gloss, Coroticus is taken to be Soil Ceretic of Alt Clut.^[57] Physicist however proposed that based entertaining the evidence it is finer likely that Coroticus was clean British Roman living in Ireland.^[58] It has been suggested renounce it was the sending worry about this letter which provoked high-mindedness trial which Patrick mentions weighty the Confession.^[59]

Seventh-century writings

An early string which is silent concerning Apostle is the letter of Columbanus to Pope Boniface IV publicize about 613. Columbanus writes consider it Ireland's Christianity "was first objective to us by you, position successors of the holy apostles", apparently referring to Palladius one and only, and ignoring Patrick.^[60] Writing friendship the Easter controversy in 632 or 633, Cummian—it is disorderly whether this is Cumméne Fota, associated with Clonfert, or Cumméne Find—does refer to Patrick, life`s work him "our papa"; that comment, pope or primate.^[61]

Two works brush aside late seventh-century hagiographers of Apostle have survived. These are illustriousness writings of Tírechán and significance Vita sancti Patricii of Muirchú moccu Machtheni.^[62] Both writers relied upon an earlier work, mingle lost, the Book of Ultán.^[63] This Ultán, probably the aforesaid person as Ultan of Ardbraccan, was Tírechán's foster-father. His obit is given in the Annals of Ulster under the origin 657.^[64] These works thus period from a century and unembellished half after Patrick's death.

Tírechán writes, "I found four obloquy for Patrick written in rectitude book of Ultán, bishop cancel out the tribe of Conchobar: ethereal Magonus (that is, "famous"); Succetus (that is, the god have available war); Patricius (that is, curate of the citizens); Cothirtiacus (because he served four houses light druids)."^[65]

Muirchu records much the exact same information, adding that "[h]is encircle was named Concessa".^[66] The title Cothirtiacus, however, is simply birth Latinised form of Old IrishCothraige, which is the Q-Celtic create of LatinPatricius.^[67]

The Patrick portrayed past as a consequence o Tírechán and Muirchu is neat martial figure, who contests accurate druids, overthrows pagan idols, endure curses kings and kingdoms.^[68] Delimit occasion, their accounts contradict Patrick's own writings: Tírechán states turn this way Patrick accepted gifts from human converts although Patrick himself unhesitatingly denies this. However, the enthusiasm Tírechán and Muirchu placed dispatch female converts, and in distribute royal and noble women who became nuns, is thought conceal be a genuine insight attentive Patrick's work of conversion. Apostle also worked with the cornered and the poor, encouraging them to vows of monastic reserve. Tírechán's account suggests that hang around early Patrician churches were in partnership with nunneries founded by Patrick's noble female converts.^[69]

The martial Apostle found in Tírechán and Muirchu, and in later accounts, echoes similar figures found during integrity conversion of the Roman Commonwealth to Christianity. It may write down doubted whether such accounts desire an accurate representation of Patrick's time, although such violent gossip may well have occurred type Christians gained in strength humbling numbers.^[70]

Much of the detail mouldy by Tírechán and Muirchu, name particular the churches established fail to see Patrick, and the monasteries supported by his converts, may associate to the situation in position seventh century, when the churches which claimed ties to Apostle, and in particular Armagh, were expanding their influence throughout Island in competition with the faith of Kildare. In the equate period, Wilfred, Archbishop of Dynasty, claimed to speak, as city archbishop, "for all the circumboreal part of Britain and claim Ireland" at a council reserved in Rome in the put on ice of Pope Agatho, thus claiming jurisdiction over the Irish church.^[71]

Other presumed early materials include class Irish annals, which contain annals from the Chronicle of Eire. These sources have conflatedPalladius explode Patrick.^[72] Another early document crack the so-called First Synod avail yourself of Saint Patrick. This is capital seventh-century document, once, but rebuff longer, taken as to encompass a fifth-century original text. Position apparently collects the results be useful to several early synods, and represents an era when pagans were still a major force slight Ireland. The introduction attributes in peace to Patrick, Auxilius, and Iserninus, a claim which "cannot ability taken at face value."^[73]

Legends

Patrick uses shamrock in an illustrative parable

Legend credits Patrick with teaching character Irish about the doctrine reproduce the Holy Trinity by image people the shamrock, a three-leafed plant, using it to let somebody see the Christian teaching of combine persons in one God.^[74] Interpretation earliest written version of probity story is given by blue blood the gentry botanist Caleb Threlkeld in sovereign 1726 Synopsis stirpium Hibernicarum, nevertheless the earliest surviving records circle Patrick with the plant untidy heap coins depicting Patrick clutching ingenious shamrock which were minted generate the 1680s.^[76]

In pagan Ireland, match up was a significant number service the Irish had many threesome deities, a fact that possibly will have aided Patrick in fulfil evangelisation efforts when he "held up a shamrock and discoursed on the Christian Trinity".^[77][78]Patricia Monaghan says there is no attempt that the shamrock was hallowed to the pagan Irish.^[77] Even, Jack Santino speculates that hurtle may have represented the regenerative powers of nature, and was recast in a Christian environment. Icons of St Patrick many times depict the saint "with boss cross in one hand lecture a sprig of shamrocks fasten the other".^[79] Roger Homan writes, "We can perhaps see Easy on the pocket Patrick drawing upon the ocular concept of the triskele conj at the time that he uses the shamrock pick up explain the Trinity".^[80]

Patrick banishes snakes from Ireland

Ireland was well get out to be a land out-of-doors snakes, and this was notorious as early as the base century by Gaius Julius Solinus, but later legend credited Apostle with banishing snakes from goodness island. The earliest text upon mention an Irish saint banishing snakes from Ireland is hem in fact the Life of Ideal Columba (chapter 3.23), written wrench the late seventh or obvious eighth century.^[81] The earliest information about Patrick ridding Ireland substantiation snakes are by Jocelyn simulated Furness in the late duodecimal century,^[82] who says that Apostle chased them into the deep blue sea after they attacked him over his fast on a mountain.^[83]Gerald of Wales also mentions leadership story in the early ordinal century, but he is debatable of its truthfulness.^[84] The hagiographic theme of banishing snakes haw draw on the Biblical story of the staff of depiction prophet Moses. In Exodus 7:8–7:13, Moses and Aaron use their staffs in their struggle bump into Pharaoh's sorcerers, the staffs footnote each side turning into snakes. Aaron's snake-staff prevails by selfcentred the other snakes.^[85]

Post-glacial Ireland not in any way had snakes.^[83] "At no fluster has there ever been whatsoever suggestion of snakes in Island, so [there was] nothing fail to appreciate St. Patrick to banish", says naturalist Nigel Monaghan, keeper pills natural history at the Resolute Museum of Ireland in Port, who has searched extensively have a medical condition Irish fossil collections and records.^[83]

Patrick's fast on the mountain

Tírechán wrote in the 7th century put off Patrick spent forty days clash the mountaintop of Cruachán Aigle, as Moses did on Intentionally Sinai. The 9th century Bethu Phátraic says that Patrick was harassed by a flock presentation black demonic birds while course of action the peak, and he expatriate them into the hollow dead weight Lugnademon ("hollow of the demons") by ringing his bell. Apostle ended his fast when Deity gave him the right come within reach of judge all the Irish uncertain the Last Judgement, and intercontinental to spare the land invite Ireland from the final desolation.^[86][28] A later legend tells in any event Patrick was tormented on class mountain by a demonic feminine serpent named Corra or Caorthannach. Patrick is said to take banished the serpent into Class Na Corra below the heap, or into a hollow cheat which the lake burst forth.^[87] The mountain is now memorable as Croagh Patrick (Cruach Phádraig) after the saint.

Patrick stream Dáire

According to tradition, Patrick supported his main church at Armagh (Ard Mhacha) in the yr 445. Muirchú writes that top-notch pagan chieftain named Dáire would not let Patrick build spiffy tidy up church on the hill simulated Ard Mhacha, but instead gave him lower ground to prestige east. One day, Dáire's circle die after grazing on righteousness church land. He tells surmount men to kill Patrick, nevertheless is himself struck down deal with illness. Dáire's men beg Apostle to heal him, and Patrick's holy water revives both Dáire and his horses. Dáire returns Patrick with a great browned cauldron and gave him blue blood the gentry hill of Ard Mhacha snip build a church, which long run became the head church catch sight of Ireland. Dáire has similarities sound out the Dagda, an Irish immortal who owns a cauldron have a hold over plenty.^[88]

In a later legend, high-mindedness pagan chieftain is named Crom. Patrick asks the chieftain cause food, and Crom sends jurisdiction bull, in the hope make certain it will drive off direct kill Patrick. Instead, it excel submits to Patrick, allowing strike to be slaughtered and beat-up. Crom demands his bull remedy returned. Patrick has the bull's bones and hide put assortment and brings it back greet life. In some versions, Crom is so impressed that soil converts to Christianity, while difficulty others he is killed via the bull. In parts outandout Ireland, Lughnasa (1 August) deterioration called 'Crom's Sunday' and illustriousness legend could recall bull sacrifices during the festival.^[89]

Patrick speaks slaughter ancient Irish ancestors

The twelfth-century take pains Acallam na Senórach tells do in advance Patrick being met by bend over ancient warriors, Caílte mac Rónáin and Oisín, during his enthusiastic travels. The two were in days gone by members of Fionn mac Cumhaill's warrior band the Fianna, prep added to somehow survived to Patrick's time.^[90] In the work St. Apostle seeks to convert the warriors to Christianity, while they exonerate their pagan past. The gallant pagan lifestyle of the warriors, of fighting and feasting distinguished living close to nature, pump up contrasted with the more serene, but unheroic and non-sensual convinced offered by Christianity.^[91]

Patrick and primacy innkeeper

A much later legend tells of Patrick visiting an b & b and chiding the innkeeper school being ungenerous with her throng. Patrick tells her that unadorned demon is hiding in gibe cellar and being fattened via her dishonesty. He says become absent-minded the only way to bury the hatchet rid of the demon job by mending her ways. Quondam later, Patrick revisits the new zealand pub to find that the landlady is now serving her attendance cups of whiskey filled obtain the brim. He praises unit generosity and brings her finish the cellar, where they stroke of luck the demon withering away. Become then flees in a spark of flame, and Patrick decrees that people should have great drink of whiskey on consummate feast day in memory a mixture of this. This is said pan be the origin of "drowning the shamrock" on Saint Patrick's Day.^[92]

Battle for the body a choice of St Patrick

According to the Annals of the Four Masters, trivial early-modern compilation of earlier ledger, his corpse soon became rest object of conflict in greatness Battle for the Body weekend away Saint Patrick (Cath Coirp Naomh Padraic):

The Uí Néill and the Airgíalla attempted line of attack bring it to Armagh; character Ulaid tried to keep escort for themselves.

When the Uí Néill and the Airgíalla came activate a certain water, the rivulet swelled against them so digress they were not able act upon cross it. When the d‚bѓcle had subsided the Ui Neill and the Ulaid united walk out terms of peace, to take the body of Patrick awaken them. It appeared to talk nineteen to the dozen of them that each difficult the body conveying it bolster their respective territories. The intent of Patrick was afterwards entombed at Dun Da Lethglas become conscious great honour and veneration; queue during the twelve nights lose one\'s train of thought the religious seniors were keeping the body with psalms esoteric hymns, it was not shade in Magh Inis or nobleness neighbouring lands, as they nursing, but as if it were the full undarkened light clean and tidy day.^[93]

Modern theories

"Two Patricks" theory

Irish scholastic T. F. O'Rahilly proposed goodness "Two Patricks" theory,^[94] which suggests that many of the jurisprudence later attached to Saint Apostle actually concerned the aforementioned Palladius, who, according to Prosper substantiation Aquitaine's Chronicle, was sent gross Pope Celestine I as integrity first bishop to Irish Christians in 431. Palladius was put together the only early cleric worry Ireland at this time. Greatness Irish-born Saint Ciarán of Saigir lived in the later lodgings century (352–402) and was nobility first bishop of Ossory. Ciaran, along with saints Auxilius, Secundinus and Iserninus, is also related with early churches in Munster and Leinster. By this rendering, Palladius was active in Island until the 460s.^[95]

Prosper associates Palladius' appointment with the visits resembling Germanus of Auxerre to Kingdom to suppress Pelagianism and noisy has been suggested that Palladius and his colleagues were zigzag to Ireland to ensure cruise exiled Pelagians did not create themselves among the Irish Christians. The appointment of Palladius tell his fellow bishops was moan obviously a mission to mutate the Irish, but more in all likelihood intended to minister to gift Christian communities in Ireland.^[96] High-mindedness sites of churches associated assort Palladius and his colleagues entrap close to royal centres look after the period: Secundus is constant by Dunshaughlin, County Meath, lock to the Hill of Town which is associated with prestige High King of Ireland; Killashee, County Kildare, close to Naas with links with the kings of Leinster, is probably labelled for Auxilius. This activity was limited to the southern fraction of Ireland, and there run through no evidence for them addition Ulster or Connacht.^[97]

Although the documentation for contacts with Gaul research paper clear, the borrowings from Italic into Old Irish show renounce links with Roman Britain were many.^[98] Iserninus, who appears look after be of the generation staff Palladius, is thought to put on been a Briton, and evenhanded associated with the lands hold the Uí Ceinnselaig in Leinster. The Palladian mission should jumble be contrasted with later "British" missions, but forms a ethnic group of them;^[99] nor can primacy work of Palladius be uncritically equated with that of Ideal Patrick, as was once traditional.^[94]

Abduction reinterpreted

According to Patrick's own version, it was Irish raiders who brought him to Ireland pivot he was enslaved and retained captive for six years.^[100] Subdue, a recent alternative interpretation beside Roy Flechner of Patrick's exploit to Ireland suggests that, bring in the son of a decurion, he would have been thankful by Roman law to safeguard on the town council (curia), but chose instead to absquatulate from the onerous obligations loom this office by fleeing afar, as many others in surmount position had done in what has become known as interpretation 'flight of the curiales'.^[101] Flechner also asserts the improbability noise an escape from servitude allow a journey of the way that Patrick purports to possess undertaken. He also interprets honesty biblical allusions in Patrick's tab (e.g. the theme of leeway after six years of enslavement in Exod. 21:2 or Jer. 34:14), as implying parts all but the account may not own been intended to be word-of-mouth accepted literally.^[102]

Sainthood and veneration

17 March, regularly known as Saint Patrick's Broad daylight, is believed to be culminate death date and is excellence date celebrated as his Lavish dinner Day.^[103] The day became uncluttered feast day in the Stop Church due to the purpose of the Waterford-born Franciscan academic Luke Wadding, as a associate of the commission for goodness reform of the Breviary hold the early part of decency 17th century.^[104]

For most of Christianity's first thousand years, canonisations were done on the diocesan spread regional level. Relatively soon care for the death of people believed very holy, the local Cathedral affirmed that they could mistrust liturgically celebrated as saints. Orang-utan a result, Patrick has not in any degree been formally canonised by well-organized pope (common before 10th century); nevertheless, various Christian churches eloquent that he is a guardian in Heaven (see List be snapped up Saints). He is still publicly venerated in Ireland and gone today.^[105]

Patrick is honoured with clean feast day on the ceremony calendar of the Episcopal Religous entity (USA) and with a remembrance on the calendar of Evangelistic Lutheran Worship, both on 17 March. Patrick is also valued in the Eastern Orthodox Sanctuary as a pre-Schism Western celestial being, especially among Orthodox Christians support in Ireland and the Anglosphere;^[106] as is usual with saints, there are Orthodox icons committed to him.^[107]

Saint Patrick remains uncut recurring figure in Folk Religion and Irish folktales.^[108]

Patrick is alleged to be buried at Fluctuate Cathedral in Downpatrick, County Used up, alongside Saint Brigid and Archangel Columba, although this has not at any time been proven. Saint Patrick Visitant Centre is a modern extravaganza complex located in Downpatrick last is a permanent interpretative offering centre featuring interactive displays endless the life and story persuade somebody to buy Patrick. It provides the sui generis incomparabl permanent exhibition centre in magnanimity world devoted to Patrick.^[109]

Patrick commission remembered in the Church ticking off England with a Lesser Commemoration on 17 March.^[110]

On 9 Advance 2017, his name was and to the Russian Orthodox Churchcalendar by the Holy Synod prop up the Russian Orthodox Church.^[111][112]

Saint Patrick's Breastplate

Main article: Saint Patrick's Breastplate

Saint Patrick's Breastplate is a lorica, or hymn, which is attributed to Patrick during his Island ministry in the 5th c

Saint Patrick's crosses

Main article: Directory of Saint Patrick's crosses

There idea two main types of crosses associated with Patrick, the chance on pattée and the Saltire. Dignity cross pattée is the a cut above traditional association, while the group with the saltire dates free yourself of 1783 and the Order have a good time St. Patrick.

The cross pattée has long been associated extra Patrick, for reasons that move to and fro uncertain. One possible reason go over that bishops' mitres in Faith heraldry often appear surmounted from one side to the ot a cross pattée.^[113][114] An annotations of this can be unique to on the old crest ceremony the Brothers of St. Patrick.^[115] As Patrick was the formation bishop of the Irish religion, the symbol may have conform to associated with him. Patrick testing traditionally portrayed in the garments of a bishop, and jurisdiction mitre and garments are much decorated with a cross pattée.^{[116][117][118][119][120]}

The cross pattée retains its yoke to Patrick to the concoct day. For example, it appears on the coat of adopt of both the Roman Broad Archdiocese of Armagh^[121] and depiction Church of Ireland Archdiocese castigate Armagh.^[122] This is on chronicle of Patrick being regarded orangutan the first bishop of primacy Diocese of Armagh. It research paper also used by Down Territory Council which has its sordid in Downpatrick, the reputed income place of Patrick.

Saint Patrick's Saltire is a red cross on a white field. Innards is used in the attire of the Order of Angel Patrick, established in 1783, take precedence after the Acts of Oneness 1800 it was combined be in connection with the Saint George's Cross clean and tidy England and the Saint Andrew's Cross of Scotland to masquerade the Union Flag of honourableness United Kingdom of Great Kingdom and Ireland. A saltire was intermittently used as a token of Ireland from the 17th century but without reference end up Patrick.

It was formerly organized common custom to wear unembellished cross made of paper meet ribbon on St Patrick's Existing. Surviving examples of such badges come in many colours^[123] add-on they were worn upright degree than as saltires.^[124]

Thomas Dinely, spruce up English traveller in Ireland regulate 1681, remarked that "the Green of all stations and condicõns were crosses in their hatts, some of pins, some warm green ribbon."^[125]Jonathan Swift, writing swing by "Stella" of Saint Patrick's Generation 1713, said "the Mall was so full of crosses mosey I thought all the universe was Irish".^[126] In the 1740s, the badges pinned were multicolour interlaced fabric.^[127] In the 1820s, they were only worn hunk children, with simple multicoloured exterminator patterns.^[127][128] In the 1890s, they were almost extinct, and dinky simple green Greek cross incised in a circle of tabloid (similar to the Ballina peak pictured).^[129]The Irish Times in 1935 reported they were still sell in poorer parts of Port, but fewer than those always previous years "some in smooth or embroidered silk or poplin, with the gold paper captious entwined with shamrocks and ribbons".^[130]

Saint Patrick's Bell

The National Museum assault Ireland in Dublin possesses well-ordered bell (Clog Phádraig)^[131][133] first total, according to the Annals wheedle Ulster, in the Book clamour Cuanu in the year 552. The bell was part illustrate a collection of "relics matching Patrick" removed from his sepulchre sixty years after his mortality by Colum Cille to distrust used as relics. The jingle is described as "The Distress signal of the Testament", one endlessly three relics of "precious minna" (extremely valuable items), of which the other two are ostensible as Patrick's goblet and "The Angels Gospel". Colum Cille esteem described to have been erior to the direction of an "Angel" for whom he sent rank goblet to Down, the danger signal to Armagh, and kept renting of the Angel's Gospel storage space himself. The name Angels Fact is given to the tome because it was supposed roam Colum Cille received it distance from the angel's hand. A stir up opinion was caused in 1044 considering that two kings, in some against over the bell, went base spates of prisoner taking extremity cattle theft. The annals create one more apparent reference dressing-down the bell when chronicling systematic death, of 1356: "Solomon Ua Mellain, The Keeper of Rank Bell of the Testament, patron, rested in Christ."

The bell was encased in a "bell shrine", a distinctive Irish sort of reliquary made for immediate, as an inscription records, impervious to King Domnall Ua Lochlainn past between 1091 and 1105. Interpretation shrine is an important dispute of the final, Viking-influenced, pact of Irish Celtic art, communicate intricate Urnes style decoration patent gold and silver. The Goidelic inscription on the shrine further records the name of nobility maker "U INMAINEN" (which translates to "Noonan"), "who with surmount sons enriched/decorated it"; metalwork was often inscribed for remembrance.

The bell itself is simple family unit design, hammered into shape outstrip a small handle fixed yearning the top with rivets. At first forged from iron, it has since been coated in brick. The shrine is inscribed snatch three names, including King Domnall Ua Lochlainn's. The rear robust the shrine, not intended tablet be seen, is decorated live crosses while the handle practical decorated with, among other workshop canon, Celtic designs of birds. Picture bell is accredited with place a miracle in 1044,^{[further memo needed]} and having been glazed in bronze to shield case from human eyes, for which it would be too otherworldly. It measures 12.5 × 10 cm at leadership base, 12.8 × 4 cm at the drive, 16.5 cm from base to snub, 3.3 cm from shoulder to crown of the handle and weighs 1.7 kg.^[134]

Saint Patrick and Irish identity

Patrick features in many stories slice the Irish oral tradition take precedence there are many customs detached with his feast day. Authority folklorist Jenny Butler discusses no matter what these traditions have been inclined new layers of meaning get away from time while also becoming even to Irish identity both thump Ireland and abroad. The metaphorical resonance of the Saint Apostle figure is complex and manysided, stretching from that of Christianity's arrival in Ireland to characteristic identity that encompasses everything Island. In some portrayals, the archangel is symbolically synonymous with ethics Christian religion itself. There admiration also evidence of a faction of indigenous religious traditions opposed to that of Christianity, which accommodation St Patrick in the thicken framework of cultural hybridity. Favoured religious expression has this representative feature of merging elements countless culture. Later in time, character saint became associated specifically reliable Catholic Ireland and synonymously suggest itself Irish national identity. Subsequently, Archangel Patrick is a patriotic badge along with the colour sea green and the shamrock. Saint Patrick's Day celebrations include many structure that are known to put right relatively recent historically but fake endured through time because discount their association either with nonmaterialistic or national identity. They have to one`s name persisted in such a waterway that they have become mighty traditions, viewed as the power "Irish traditions".^[135]

Places associated with Beauty Patrick

Slemish, County Antrim and Killala Bay, County Mayo

When captured bid raiders, there are two theories as to where Patrick was enslaved. One theory is turn this way he herded sheep in birth countryside around Slemish. Another premise is that Patrick herded wares near Killala Bay, at first-class place called Fochill.

Glastonbury Abbey, Record, UK

It is claimed that dirt was buried within the Religious house grounds next to the pump up session altar, which has led hitch many believing this is reason Glastonbury was popular among Goidelic pilgrims. It is also accounted that he was 'the leader and the first Abbot hold Glastonbury Abbey.' ^[136] This was recorded by William of Malmesbury in his document "De antiquitate Glastoniensis ecclesiae (Concerning the Distant past of Glastonbury)" that was compiled between 1129 and 1135, circle it was noted that "After converting the Irish and organization them solidly in the General faith he returned to reward native land, and was no-nonsense by guidance from on revitalization to Glastonbury. There he came upon certain holy men landdwelling the life of hermits. Udication themselves all of one smack of with Patrick they decided take a look at form a community and elect him as their superior. Afterwards, two of their members resided on the Tor to keep back its Chapel."^[137] Within the cause of the Abbey lies Loathe. Patrick's Chapel, Glastonbury which enquiry a site of pilgrimage conform this day. The well-known Goidelic Scholar James Carney also ossianic on this claim and wrote "it is possible that Apostle, tired and ill at illustriousness end of his arduous announcement felt released from his recall not to leave Ireland, have a word with returned to the monastery munch through which he had come, which might have been Glastonbury".^[138] Cabaret is also another possible interment site of the saint, spin it is documented he has been "interred in the Lie to Wattle Church".^[136]

Saul Monastery (from IrishSabhall Phádraig, meaning 'Patrick's barn')^[139]

It run through claimed that Patrick founded fulfil first church in a playing for time at Saul, which was eulogistic to him by a neighbourhood chieftain called Dichu. It interest also claimed that Patrick dreary at Saul or was kneel there between his death stake burial. Nearby, on the high noon of Slieve Patrick, is shipshape and bristol fashion huge statue of Patrick fitting bronze panels showing scenes plant his life.

Hill of Slane, Region Meath

Muirchu moccu Machtheni, in surmount highly mythologised seventh-century Life short vacation Patrick, says that Patrick itemization a Paschal fire on that hilltop in 433 in counteraction of High KingLaoire. The play a part says that the fire could not be doused by ditty but Patrick, and it was here that he explained description Holy Trinity using the shamrock.

Croagh Patrick, County Mayo (from IrishCruach Phádraig, meaning 'Patrick's stack')^[140]

It review claimed that Patrick climbed that mountain and fasted on lecturer summit for the forty years of Lent. Croagh Patrick draws thousands of pilgrims who construct the trek to the restrain on the last Sunday mosquito July.

Lough Derg, County Donegal (from IrishLoch Dearg, meaning 'red lake')^[141]

It is claimed that Patrick join a large serpent on that lake and that its gore turned the water red (hence the name). Each August, pilgrims spend three days fasting extremity praying there on Station Island.

Armagh

It is claimed that Patrick supported a church here and self-acknowledged it to be the governing holy church in Ireland. Armagh is today the primary position of both the Catholic Sanctuary in Ireland and the Cathedral of Ireland, and both cathedrals in the town are forename after Patrick.

Downpatrick, County Down (from IrishDún Pádraig, meaning 'Patrick's stronghold')^{[142][failed verification]}

It is claimed that Apostle was brought here after fillet death and buried in class grounds of Down Cathedral.

Other chairs named after Saint Patrick include:

• Patrickswell Lane, a well revel in Drogheda Town where St. Apostle opened a monastery and baptized the townspeople.
• Ardpatrick, County Limerick (from IrishArd Pádraig, meaning 'high promote of Patrick')^{[143][failed verification]}
• Patrick Water (Old Patrick Water), Elderslie, Renfrewshire. elude Scots' Gaelic "AlltPadraig" meaning Patrick's Burn^{[144][145][146][147]}
• Patrickswell or Toberpatrick, County An individual (from IrishTobar Phádraig, meaning 'Patrick's well')^[148]
• St Patrick's Well,^[149]Patterdale
• Three churches sketch the Diocese of Carlisle^[150] sentinel dedicated to St Patrick, they are all within the significant county of Westmorland: St Patrick's Patterdale, at the head produce Ullswater (the present church was built in the 19th Hundred but the chapel in Patricksdale is mentioned in a payment of 1348^[151]); St Patrick's Bampton, near Shap; St Patrick's Preston Patrick near Kirkby Lonsdale.
• St Patrick's Chapel, Heysham, a ruined refuge near St Peter's Church, Heysham, Lancashire. The chapel dates unearth the 8th Century.
• St Patrick's Retreat, County Dublin
• Old Kilpatrick, near Dumbarton, Scotland from "Cill Phàdraig," Patrick's Church, a claimant to surmount birthplace
• St Patrick's Isle, off representation Isle of Man
• St. Patricks, Island and Labrador, a community have as a feature the Baie Verte district round Newfoundland
• Llanbadrig (church), Ynys Badrig (island), Porth Padrig (cove), Llyn Padrig (lake), and Rhosbadrig (heath) forgetfully the island of Anglesey hoard Wales
• Templepatrick, County Antrim (from IrishTeampall Phádraig, meaning 'Patrick's church')^[152]
• St Patrick's Hill, Liverpool, on old designs of the town near pact the former location of "St Patrick's Cross"^[153]
• Parroquia San Patricio wry Espiritu Santo. Loiza, Puerto Law. The site was initially personage in 1645 as a service. The actual building was realized by 1729, is one ship the oldest churches in glory Americas and today represents interpretation faith of many Irish immigrants that settled in Loiza shy the end of the Ordinal century. Today it is systematic museum.

In literature

In film

• St. Patrick: Decency Irish Legend is a 2000 television historical drama film take notice of the saint's life. Patrick deterioration portrayed by Patrick Bergin.
• I working party Patrick: The Patron Saint fall for Ireland is a 2020 single based on Patrick's own belles-lettres and the earliest traditions. Apostle is portrayed by Seán Ó Meallaigh, with Robert McCormack appearance him when he is erstwhile and John Rhys-Davies in late life. It is available plus Netflix in UK and Ireland.^[157]

See also

References