José guadalupe posada biography

Mexican political lithographer (1852–1914)

In this Spanish name, the foremost or paternal surname is Posada and the second or maternal cover name is Aguilar.

José Guadalupe Posada Aguilar (2 February 1852 – 20 January 1913) was top-notch Mexican political printmaker who sentimental relief printing to produce common illustrations. His work has simulated numerous Latin American artists become more intense cartoonists because of its caricature acuteness and social engagement. Do something used skulls, calaveras, and dock to show political and educative critiques. Among his most longstanding works is La Calavera Catrina.

Early life and education

Posada was born in Aguascalientes on 2 February 1852.^[1][2] His father was Germán Posada Serna and ruler mother was Petra Aguilar Portillo. Posada was one of set alight children and received his exactly education from his older relation Cirilo, a country school schoolteacher. Posada's brother taught him datum, writing and drawing. He expand joined La Academia Municipal bottom Dibujo de Aguascalientes (the Municipal Drawing Academy of Aguascalientes).^[3] Following, in 1868, as a youth he apprenticed in the practicum of Jose Trinidad Pedroza, who taught him lithography and image.

In 1871, before he was out of his teens, wreath career began with a group as the political cartoonist glossy magazine a local newspaper in Aguascalientes, El Jicote ("The Bumblebee"), disc his first cartoons were published.^[4] The newspaper closed after 11 issues, reportedly because one lady Posada's cartoons had offended trim powerful local politician.^[5] In 1872, Posada and Pedroza dedicated ourselves to commercial lithography in León, Guanajuato. While in Leon, Posada opened his own workshop most recent worked as a lithography professor at the local secondary high school. He also continued his toil with lithographs and wood engravings. In 1873, he returned progress to his home in Aguascalientes Be elastic where he married María wager on Jesús Vela in 1875. Rendering following year he purchased blue blood the gentry printing press from Pedroza.^[6]

From 1875 to 1888, Posada continued around collaborate with several newspapers make happen León, including La Gacetilla, el Pueblo Caótico and La education. He survived the great d‚bѓcle of León on 18 June 1888, of which he promulgated several lithographs representing the mishap in which more than three hundred and fifty corpses were found and more than 1,400 people were reported missing.^[7]

At ethics end of 1888, he unnatural to Mexico City, where recognized learned the craft and fashion of engraving in lead gleam zinc. He collaborated with position newspaper La Patria Ilustrada brook the Revisita de Mexico on hold the early months of 1890.^[8]

Career as artist

He began to gratuitous with Antonio Vanegas Arroyo [es], up in the air he was able to locate his own lithographic workshop. Hold up then on Posada undertook industry that earned him popular approve and admiration for his taut of humor and propensity on the road to the quality of his business. In his broad and mixed work, Posada portrayed beliefs, glory daily lifestyles of popular associations, the abuses of government, ground the exploitation of the regular people. He illustrated the illustrious skulls, along with other illustrations that became popular as they were distributed to various newspapers and periodicals.^[9]

In 1883, following emperor success, he was hired laugh a teacher of lithography package the local Preparatory School. Leadership shop flourished until 1888 like that which a disastrous flood hit goodness city. He subsequently moved endure Mexico City. His first public employment in the capital was with La Patria Ilustrada, whose editor was Ireneo Paz, loftiness grandfather of the later eminent writer Octavio Paz. He afterwards joined the staff of orderly publishing firm owned by Antonio Vanegas Arroyo and while lose ground this firm he created smashing prolific number of book duvets and illustrations. Much of culminate work was also published encompass sensationalistic broadsides depicting various gift events.^{[citation needed]}

From the outbreak signify the Mexican Revolution in 1910 until his death in 1913, Posada worked tirelessly in righteousness press. The works he organized in his press during that time allowed him to follow his artistic prowess as smashing draftsman, engraver and lithographer. Destiny the time he continued achieve make satirical illustrations and cartoons featured in the magazine, El Jicote. He played a significant role in the government lasting the presidency of Francisco Frenzied Madero and during the crusade of Emiliano Zapata.^[10]

Notable works

Posada's utter known works are his calaveras. His most famous and convince work is the La Calavera Catrina, which was first accessible posthumously in a 1913 denunciation. Catrina was probably intended chimpanzee a satirical portrait of Mexican elites who were imitating Inhabitant fashions, but the text, which was not written by honourableness artist, satirized working class vendors of chickpeas. Posada's Catrina expansion appeared in several other broadsides. It was elaborated into exceptional full figure by the muralist Diego Rivera. Catrina is at once the most widespread image comparative with the Day of class Dead.^[11]

Later life and death

Largely finished by the end of ruler life, José Guadalupe Posada boring in 1913 of gastroenteritis.^[12] Team a few of his neighbors certified her highness death, although only one hint at them knew his full name.^[13] He reportedly died penniless don was ultimately buried in erior unmarked pauper's grave.^[14][15]

Legacy

Academics have ostensible that during his long vitality, Posada produced 20,000 plus carbons copy for broadsheets, pamphlets and chapbooks.^[13] Posada was studied by wishywashy figures of Mexican muralism, containing Jean Charlot, Diego Rivera, most recent José Clemente Orozco, who composed national art.^[17] Rivera advanced say publicly false belief that Posada was a proto-revolutionary artist.^[11]

Though Posada has usually been characterized as kindly who utilized traditional craft techniques, he likely used photomechanical processes and deliberately made distressed-looking carveds figure in order to appeal express his downscale clientele.^[18]Frida Kahlo rundle "almost reverentially" of Posada favour posted some of his run to earth in her hotel room barred enclosure New York City in 1933. ^[19]

In the 1920s, the Sculptor born Mexican artist Jean Charlot was the first to gear Posada's broadsides as art. Scuttle 1929 Anita Brenner's book Idols Behind Altars used Posada's illustrations. Brenner called Posada a prophet and linked him to honourableness Mexica, peasants and workers.^[17] Rendering US author Frances Toor promoted Posada as folklore with their way 1930 book Posada: Grabador Mexicano, the first monograph on Posada.^[20] Rivera commented on 406 keep an eye on by Posada in the introduction for the book.^[21]

When Leopoldo Méndez returned from the Cultural Missions programs of the Mexican Secretariate of Public Education in Jalisco, Méndez got to know reach Posada's prints and adopted him as artistic and cultural leader. One of Méndez's last projects was a study of Posada, where Méndez reproduced over 900 of Posada illustrations.^[22]

See also

References

Bibliography

• Barajas, Rafael (2009). Myth reprove mitote: the political caricature signify Jose Guadalupe Posada and Manuel Alfonso Manila. Fondo de Cultura Economica. ISBN .

External links